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+/*
+ * Copyright 2024 WebAssembly Community Group participants
+ *
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+#ifndef wasm_support_strongly_connected_components_h
+#define wasm_support_strongly_connected_components_h
+
+#include <cassert>
+#include <optional>
+#include <unordered_map>
+#include <unordered_set>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <iostream>
+
+namespace wasm {
+
+// A CRTP utility implementing Tarjan's Strongly Connected Component algorithm
+// (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarjan%27s_strongly_connected_components_algorithm)
+// in terms of iterators. Given the beginning and end iterators over the
+// elements in a graph an implementation of `pushChildren` in the CRTP subclass
+// that pushes an element's children, provides an iterable over the SCCs, each
+// of which is an iterable over the elements in the SCC. All implemented
+// iterators are input iterators that mutate the underlying state, so this
+// utility can only be used for single-pass algorithms.
+template<typename It, typename Class> struct SCCs {
+  SCCs(It inputIt, It inputEnd) : inputIt(inputIt), inputEnd(inputEnd) {}
+
+private:
+  using T = typename It::value_type;
+
+  // The iterators over the graph we are calculating the SCCs for.
+  It inputIt;
+  It inputEnd;
+
+  // Stack of pending elements to visit, used instead of a recursive visitor.
+  struct WorkItem {
+    T item;
+    std::optional<T> parent = std::nullopt;
+    bool processedChildren = false;
+  };
+  std::vector<WorkItem> workStack;
+
+  // The Tarjan's algorithm stack. Similar to a DFS stack, but elements are only
+  // popped off once they are committed to a strongly connected component.
+  // Elements stay on the stack after they are visited iff they have a back edge
+  // to an element earlier in the stack.
+  std::vector<T> stack;
+
+  struct ElementInfo {
+    // Index assigned based on element visitation order.
+    size_t index;
+    // The smallest index of the elements reachable from this element.
+    size_t lowlink;
+    // Whether this element is still on `stack`.
+    bool onStack;
+  };
+  std::unordered_map<T, ElementInfo> elementInfo;
+
+  // The parent to record when calling into the subclass to push children.
+  std::optional<T> currParent;
+
+  // The root (i.e. deepest element in the stack) for the current SCC. Empty
+  // whenever we have yet to find the next SCC.
+  std::optional<T> currRoot;
+
+  bool stepToNextGroup() {
+    while (inputIt != inputEnd || !workStack.empty()) {
+      if (workStack.empty()) {
+        workStack.push_back({*inputIt++});
+      }
+      while (!workStack.empty()) {
+        auto& work = workStack.back();
+        auto& item = work.item;
+
+        if (!work.processedChildren) {
+          auto newIndex = elementInfo.size();
+          auto [it, inserted] =
+            elementInfo.insert({item, {newIndex, newIndex, true}});
+          if (inserted) {
+            // This is a new item we have never seen before. We have already
+            // initialized its associated data.
+            stack.push_back(item);
+
+            // Leave the element on the work stack because we will have to do
+            // more work after we have finished processing its children.
+            work.processedChildren = true;
+            currParent = item;
+            static_cast<Class*>(this)->pushChildren(item);
+            currParent = std::nullopt;
+            // Process the pushed children first; we will come back to this item
+            // later.
+            continue;
+          }
+
+          auto& info = it->second;
+          if (info.onStack) {
+            assert(work.parent);
+            // Item is already in the current SCC. Update the parent's lowlink
+            // if this child has a smaller index than we have seen so far.
+            auto& parentLowlink = elementInfo[*work.parent].lowlink;
+            parentLowlink = std::min(parentLowlink, info.index);
+          } else {
+            // Item is in an SCC we have already processed, so ignore it
+            // entirely.
+          }
+          // Do not recurse for this item we have seen before. We are done with
+          // it.
+          workStack.pop_back();
+          continue;
+        }
+
+        // We have finished processing the children for the current element, so
+        // we know its final lowlink value. Use it to potentially update the
+        // parent's lowlink value.
+        auto& info = elementInfo[item];
+        if (work.parent) {
+          auto& parentLowlink = elementInfo[*work.parent].lowlink;
+          parentLowlink = std::min(parentLowlink, info.lowlink);
+        }
+
+        if (info.index == info.lowlink) {
+          // This element reaches and is reachable by all shallower elements in
+          // the stack (otherwise they would have already been popped) and does
+          // not itself reach any deeper elements, so we have found an SCC and
+          // the current item is its root.
+          currRoot = item;
+          workStack.pop_back();
+          return true;
+        }
+        workStack.pop_back();
+      }
+    }
+    // We are at the end.
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  void stepToNextElem() {
+    assert(currRoot);
+    if (stack.back() == *currRoot) {
+      // This was the last element in the current SCC. We have to find the next
+      // SCC now.
+      currRoot = std::nullopt;
+    }
+    elementInfo[stack.back()].onStack = false;
+    stack.pop_back();
+  }
+
+  void pushChildren(const T& parent) {
+    static_assert(&SCCs<It, Class>::pushChildren != &Class::pushChildren,
+                  "SCCs subclass must implement `pushChildren`");
+  }
+
+protected:
+  // Call this from `Class::pushChildren` to add a child.
+  void push(const T& item) {
+    assert(currParent);
+    workStack.push_back({item, currParent});
+  }
+
+public:
+  struct SCC {
+    SCCs<It, Class>* parent;
+
+    // Iterate over the elements in a strongly connected component.
+    struct Iterator {
+      using value_type = T;
+      using difference_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+      using reference = T&;
+      using pointer = T*;
+      using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+
+      SCCs<It, Class>* parent;
+      std::optional<T> val = std::nullopt;
+
+      bool isEnd() const { return !parent || !parent->currRoot; }
+      bool operator==(const Iterator& other) const {
+        return isEnd() == other.isEnd();
+      }
+      bool operator!=(const Iterator& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+      T operator*() { return *val; }
+      T* operator->() { return &*val; }
+      void setVal() {
+        if (isEnd()) {
+          val = std::nullopt;
+        } else {
+          val = parent->stack.back();
+        }
+      }
+
+      Iterator& operator++() {
+        parent->stepToNextElem();
+        setVal();
+        return *this;
+      }
+      Iterator operator++(int) {
+        auto it = *this;
+        ++(*this);
+        return it;
+      }
+    };
+
+    Iterator begin() {
+      Iterator it = {parent};
+      it.setVal();
+      return it;
+    }
+    Iterator end() { return {nullptr}; }
+  };
+
+  // Iterate over the strongly connected components of the graph.
+  struct Iterator {
+    using value_type = SCC;
+    using different_type = std::ptrdiff_t;
+    using reference = SCC;
+    using pointer = SCC*;
+    using iterator_category = std::input_iterator_tag;
+
+    // scc.parent is null iff we are at the end.
+    SCC scc;
+
+    bool isEnd() const { return !scc.parent; }
+    bool operator==(const Iterator& other) const {
+      return isEnd() == other.isEnd();
+    }
+    bool operator!=(const Iterator& other) const { return !(*this == other); }
+    SCC operator*() { return scc; }
+    SCC* operator->() { return &scc; }
+    Iterator& operator++() {
+      // Skip the rest of the current SCC, if for some reason it was not
+      // consumed.
+      for (auto elem : *(*this)) {
+        (void)elem;
+      }
+      if (!scc.parent->stepToNextGroup()) {
+        // We are at the end, so mark ourselves as such.
+        scc.parent = nullptr;
+      }
+      return *this;
+    }
+    void operator++(int) { ++(*this); }
+  };
+
+  Iterator begin() { return ++Iterator{this}; }
+  Iterator end() { return {nullptr}; }
+};
+
+} // namespace wasm
+
+#endif // wasm_support_strongly_connected_components_h