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diff --git a/doc/ledger3.texi b/doc/ledger3.texi index 30d7d5a4..3f099d93 100644 --- a/doc/ledger3.texi +++ b/doc/ledger3.texi @@ -75,10 +75,11 @@ twinkling in their father's CRT. * Reporting Commands:: * Command-line Syntax:: * Budgeting and Forecasting:: +* Time Keeping:: * Value Expressions:: * Format Strings:: -* Ledger for Developers:: * Extending with Python:: +* Ledger for Developers:: * Major Changes from version 2.6:: * Example Data File:: * Miscellaneous Notes:: @@ -235,8 +236,8 @@ $ ledger -f ledger.dat register Bell @end smallexample An important difference between Ledger and other finance packages is -that journal will never alter your input file. You can create and edit -that file in any way you prefer, but journal is only for analyzing the +that Ledger will never alter your input file. You can create and edit +that file in any way you prefer, but Ledger is only for analyzing the data, not for altering it. @@ -261,7 +262,7 @@ enter these commands: Ledger has a complete online help system based on GNU Info. This manual can be searched directly from the command line using the following options: -@option{ledger --help} bring up this entire manual in your tty. +@code{ledger --help} bring up this entire manual in your tty. If you need help on how to use Ledger, or run into problems, you can join the Ledger mailing list at the following Web address: @@ -270,8 +271,8 @@ join the Ledger mailing list at the following Web address: http://groups.google.com/group/ledger-cli @end smallexample -@noindent You can also find help at the @samp{#ledger} channel on the IRC server -@samp{irc.freenode.net}. +@noindent You can also find help at the @code{#ledger} channel on the IRC server +@code{irc.freenode.net}. @cindex tutorial @node Ledger Tutorial , Principles of Accounting, Introduction to Ledger, Top @@ -280,7 +281,6 @@ http://groups.google.com/group/ledger-cli @menu * Start a Journal:: * Run Some Reports:: -* Command Line Quick Reference:: @end menu @node Start a Journal, Run Some Reports, Ledger Tutorial , Ledger Tutorial @@ -293,10 +293,9 @@ called @file{drewr3.dat} (@pxref{Example Data File}). Copy it someplace convenient and open up a terminal window in that directory. -If you would rather start with your own journal right away please skip -to @xref{Keeping a Journal}. +If you would rather start with your own journal right away please see @ref{Keeping a Journal}. -@node Run Some Reports, Command Line Quick Reference, Start a Journal, Ledger Tutorial +@node Run Some Reports, , Start a Journal, Ledger Tutorial @section Run a Few Reports @menu @@ -306,6 +305,16 @@ to @xref{Keeping a Journal}. * Using the Windows command line:: @end menu +Please note that as a command line program, Ledger is controlled from +your shell. There are several different command shells that all behave +slightly differently with repsect to some special characters. In +particular, the BaSH shell will interpret $ signs differently than +ledger and they must be escaped to reach the actual program. Another +example is zsh, which will interpret ^ differently than ledger expects. +In all cases that follow you should take that into account when entering +the commandline arguments given. There are too many variations between +shells to give concrete examples for each. + @node Balance Report, Register Report, Run Some Reports, Run Some Reports @subsection Balance Report @cindex balance report @@ -370,11 +379,11 @@ To show all transactions and a running total: ledger -f drewr3.dat register @end smallexample -Ledger will generate: +@noindent Ledger will generate: @smallexample 10-Dec-01 Checking balance Assets:Checking $ 1,000.00 $ 1,000.00 - Equity:Opening Balances $ -1,000.00 0 + Equity:Opening Balances $ -1,000.00 0 10-Dec-20 Organic Co-op Expense:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 $ 37.50 Expense:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 $ 75.00 Expense:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 $ 112.50 @@ -421,14 +430,14 @@ $ ledger -f drewr3.dat register Groceries 11-Jan-19 Grocery Store Expense:Food:Groceries $ 44.00 $ 334.00 @end smallexample -@noindent Which matches the balance reported for the @samp{Groceries} account: +@noindent Which matches the balance reported for the @code{Groceries} account: @smallexample $ ledger -f drewr3.dat balance Groceries $ 334.00 Expenses:Food:Groceries @end smallexample -@noindent If you would like to find transaction to only a certain payee use @samp{payee} or @@: +@noindent If you would like to find transaction to only a certain payee use @code{payee} or @@: @smallexample $ ledger -f drewr3.dat register payee "Organic" 10-Dec-20 Organic Co-op Expense:Food:Groceries $ 37.50 $ 37.50 @@ -447,7 +456,8 @@ $ ledger -f drewr3.dat register payee "Organic" A very useful report is to show what your obligations are versus what expenditures have actually been recorded. It can take several days for a check to clear, but you should treat it as money spent. The -@samp{cleared} report shows just that: +@code{cleared} report shows just that (note that the cleared report will +not format correctly for accounts that contain multiple commodities): @smallexample $ ledger -f drewr3.dat cleared @@ -473,7 +483,7 @@ $ ledger -f drewr3.dat cleared $ -243.60 0 @end smallexample -@noindent The first column shows the outstanding balance, the second column show the ``cleared'' balance. +@noindent The first column shows the outstanding balance, the second column shows the ``cleared'' balance. @node Using the Windows command line, , Cleared Report, Run Some Reports @subsection Using the Windows Command Line @cindex windows cmd.exe @@ -482,149 +492,6 @@ Using ledger under the windows command shell has one significant limitation. CMD.exe is limited to standard ASCII characters and as such cannot display any currency symbols other than dollar signs ($). -@node Command Line Quick Reference, , Run Some Reports, Ledger Tutorial -@section Command Line Quick Reference - -@menu -* Reporting Commands Quick Reference:: -* Basic Options Quick Reference:: -* Report Filtering Quick Reference:: -* Error Checking and Calculation Options:: -* Output Customization Quick Reference:: -* Grouping Options:: -* Commodity Reporting Quick Reference:: -@end menu - -@node Reporting Commands Quick Reference, Basic Options Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Reporting Commands -@multitable @columnfractions .2 .8 -@item @strong{Report} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{balance} @tab Show account balances -@item @code{register} @tab Show all transactions with running total -@item @code{csv} @tab Show transactions in csv format, for exporting to other programs -@item @code{print} @tab Print transaction in a ledger readable format -@item @code{output} @tab Similar to print without included transactions -@item @code{xml} @tab Produce XML output of the register command -@item @code{emacs} @tab Produce Emacs lisp output -@item @code{equity} @tab Print account balances as transactions -@item @code{prices} @tab Print price history for matching commodities -@item @code{pricedb} @tab Print price history for matching commodities in ledger readable format -@item @code{xact} @tab Used to generate transactions based on previous postings -@end multitable - -@node Basic Options Quick Reference, Report Filtering Quick Reference, Reporting Commands Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Basic Options -@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 -@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{-h} @tab @code{--help} @tab prints summary of all options -@item @code{-v} @tab @code{--version} @tab prints version of ledger executable -@item @code{-f FILE} @tab @code{--file FILE} @tab read @file{FILE} as a ledger file -@item @code{-o FILE} @tab @code{--output FILE} @tab redirects output to @file{FILE} -@item @code{-i FILE} @tab @code{--init-file FILE} @tab specify options file -@item @code{-a NAME} @tab @code{--account NAME} @tab specify default account name for QIF file postings -@end multitable - -@node Report Filtering Quick Reference, Error Checking and Calculation Options, Basic Options Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Report Filtering -@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 -@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{-c} @tab @code{--current} @tab Display transaction on or before the current date -@item @code{-b DATE} @tab @code{--begin DATE} @tab Begin reports on or after @code{DATE} -@item @code{-e DATE} @tab @code{--end DATE} @tab Limits end date of transactions for report -@item @code{-p STR} @tab @code{--period} @tab Set report period to STR -@item @code{ } @tab @code{--period-sort} @tab Sort postings within each period -@item @code{-C} @tab @code{--cleared} @tab Display only cleared postings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--dc} @tab Display register or balance in debit/credit format -@item @code{-U} @tab @code{--uncleared} @tab Display only uncleared postings -@item @code{-R} @tab @code{--real} @tab Display only real postings -@item @code{-L} @tab @code{--actual} @tab Displays only actual postings, not automated -@item @code{-r} @tab @code{--related} @tab Display related postings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--budget} @tab Display how close your postings meet your budget -@item @code{} @tab @code{--add-budget} @tab Shows un-budgeted postings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--unbudgeted} @tab Shows only un-budgeted postings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--forecast} @tab Project balances into the future -@item @code{-l EXPR} @tab @code{--limit EXPR} @tab Limits postings in calculations -@item @code{-t EXPR} @tab @code{--amount} @tab Change value expression reported in register report -@item @code{-T EXPR} @tab @code{--total} @tab Change the value expression used for ``totals'' column in register and balance reports -@end multitable - -@node Error Checking and Calculation Options, Output Customization Quick Reference, Report Filtering Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Error Checking and Calculation Options - -@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 -@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{} @tab @code{--strict} @tab accounts, tags or commodities not previously declared will cause warnings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--pedantic} @tab accounts, tags or commodities not previously declared will cause errors -@item @code{} @tab @code{--check-payees} @tab enable strict and pedantic checking for payees as well as accounts, commodities and tags. -@item @code{} @tab @code{--immediate} @tab instructs ledger to evaluate calculations immediately rather than lazily -@end multitable - - -@node Output Customization Quick Reference, Grouping Options, Error Checking and Calculation Options, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Output Customization -@multitable @columnfractions .15 .4 .45 -@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{-n} @tab @code{--collapse} @tab Collapse transactions with multiple postings -@item @code{-s} @tab @code{--subtotal} @tab Report register as a single subtotal -@item @code{-P} @tab @code{--by-payee} @tab Report subtotals by payee -@item @code{-E} @tab @code{--empty} @tab Include empty accounts in report -@item @code{-W} @tab @code{--weekly} @tab Report posting totals by week -@item @code{-Y} @tab @code{--yearly} @tab Report posting totals by year -@item @code{} @tab @code{--dow} @tab report Posting totals by day of week -@item @code{-S EXPR} @tab @code{--sort EXPR} @tab Sorts a report using @code{EXPR} -@item @code{-w} @tab @code{--wide} @tab Assume 132 columns instead of 80 -@item @code{} @tab @code{--head N} @tab Report the first N postings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--tail N} @tab Report the last N postings -@item @code{} @tab @code{--pager prog} @tab Direct output @code{prog} pager program -@item @code{-A} @tab @code{--average} @tab Reports average posting value -@item @code{-D} @tab @code{--deviation} @tab Reports each posting deviation from the average -@item @code{-%} @tab @code{--percent} @tab Show subtotals in the balance report as percentages -@c @item @code{} @tab @code{--totals} @tab Include running total in the @code{xml} report -@item @code{} @tab @code{--pivot TAG} @tab produce a pivot table of the tag type specified -@item @code{-j} @tab @code{--amount-data} @tab Show only date and value column -@item @code{-J} @tab @code{--total-data} @tab Show only dates and totals -@item @code{-d EXPR} @tab @code{--display EXPR} @tab Limit only the display of certain postings -@item @code{-y STR} @tab @code{--date-format STR} @tab Change the basic date format used in reports -@item @code{-F STR} @tab @code{--format STR} @tab Set reporting format -@item @code{} @tab @code{--balance-format STR} @tab -@item @code{} @tab @code{--register-format STR} @tab -@item @code{} @tab @code{--print-format STR} @tab -@item @code{-j register} @tab @code{--plot-amount-format STR} @tab -@item @code{-J register} @tab @code{--plot-total-format STR} @tab -@item @code{} @tab @code{--equity-format STR} @tab -@item @code{} @tab @code{--prices-format STR} @tab -@item @code{-w register} @tab @code{--wide-register-format STR} @tab -@item @code{} @tab @code{--anon} @tab Print the ledger register with anonymized accounts and payees, useful for filing bug reports -@end multitable - -@node Grouping Options, Commodity Reporting Quick Reference, Output Customization Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Grouping Options -@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 -@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{-P} @tab @code{--by-payee} @tab Group postings by common payee names -@item @code{-D} @tab @code{--daily} @tab Group postings by day -@item @code{-W} @tab @code{--weekly} @tab Group postings by week -@item @code{-M} @tab @code{--Monthly} @tab Group postings by month -@item @code{} @tab @code{--quarterly} @tab Group postings by quarter -@item @code{-Y} @tab @code{--yearly} @tab Group postings by year -@item @code{} @tab @code{--dow} @tab Group by day of weeks -@item @code{-s} @tab @code{--subtotal} @tab Group posting together, similar to balance report -@end multitable - -@node Commodity Reporting Quick Reference, , Grouping Options, Command Line Quick Reference -@subsection Commodity Reporting - -@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 -@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{} @tab @code{--price-db FILE} @tab Use @file{FILE} for retrieving stored commodity prices -@item @code{-L MINS} @tab @code{--price-exp MINS} @tab Set expected freshness of prices in minutes -@item @code{-Q} @tab @code{--download} @tab Download quotes using @code{getquote} -@item @code{} @tab @code{--getquote} @tab Sets path to a user defined script to download commodity prices. -@item @code{-O} @tab @code{--quantity} @tab Report commodity totals without conversion -@item @code{-B} @tab @code{--basis} @tab Report cost basis -@item @code{-V} @tab @code{--market} @tab Report last known market value -@item @code{-G} @tab @code{--gain} @tab Report net gain loss for commodities that have a price history -@end multitable @node Principles of Accounting, Keeping a Journal, Ledger Tutorial , Top @chapter Principles of Accounting with Ledger @@ -770,7 +637,7 @@ ledger -M register expenses:auto @end example This assumes, of course, that you use account names like -@samp{Expenses:Auto:Gas} and @samp{Expenses:Auto:Repair}. +@code{Expenses:Auto:Gas} and @code{Expenses:Auto:Repair}. @menu * Tracking reimbursable expenses:: @@ -872,8 +739,8 @@ It's easier shown than said: And now the reimbursements account is paid off, accounts payable is paid off, and $100.00 has been effectively transferred from the company's checking account to your personal checking account. The -money simply ``waited''---in both @samp{Assets:Reimbursements:Company -XYZ}, and @samp{Company XYZ:Accounts Payable:Your Name}---until such +money simply ``waited''---in both @code{Assets:Reimbursements:Company +XYZ}, and @code{Company XYZ:Accounts Payable:Your Name}---until such time as it could be paid off. The value of tracking expenses from both sides like that is that you @@ -917,7 +784,7 @@ apply account Company XYZ end apply account @end smallexample -(Note: The @samp{apply account} above means that all accounts mentioned in +(Note: The @code{apply account} above means that all accounts mentioned in the file are children of that account. In this case it means that all activity in the file relates to Company XYZ). @@ -983,8 +850,8 @@ P 2004/06/21 02:18:02 AAPL $32.91 P 2004/06/21 02:18:02 AU $400.00 @end smallexample -Specify the price history to use with the @option{--price-db} option, -with the @option{-V} option to report in terms of current market +Specify the price history to use with the @code{--price-db} option, +with the @code{-V} option to report in terms of current market value: @example @@ -1054,7 +921,7 @@ or days, it should be possible to convert between the various forms. Doing this requires the use of commodity equivalencies. For example, you might have the following two postings, one which -transfers an hour of time into a @samp{Billable} account, and another +transfers an hour of time into a @code{Billable} account, and another which decreases the same account by ten minutes. The resulting report will indicate that fifty minutes remain: @@ -1088,13 +955,13 @@ C 1.00 Gb = 1024 Mb C 1.00 Tb = 1024 Gb @end smallexample -Each of these definitions correlates a commodity (such as @samp{Kb}) +Each of these definitions correlates a commodity (such as @code{Kb}) and a default precision, with a certain quantity of another commodity. In the above example, kilobytes are reported with two decimal places of precision and each kilobyte is equal to 1024 bytes. Equivalency chains can be as long as desired. Whenever a commodity -would report as a decimal amount (less than @samp{1.00}), the next +would report as a decimal amount (less than @code{1.00}), the next smallest commodity is used. If a commodity could be reported in terms of a higher commodity without resulting to a partial fraction, then the larger commodity is used. @@ -1119,8 +986,8 @@ EverQuest account: Now your EverQuest:Inventory has 3 apples and 5 steaks in it. The amounts are negative, because you are taking @emph{from} Black's Tavern in order to add to your Inventory account. Note that you don't -have to use @samp{Places:Black's Tavern} as the source account. You -could use @samp{EverQuest:System} to represent the fact that you +have to use @code{Places:Black's Tavern} as the source account. You +could use @code{EverQuest:System} to represent the fact that you acquired them online. The only purpose for choosing one kind of source account over another is for generate more informative reports later on. The more you know, the better analysis you can perform. @@ -1173,7 +1040,7 @@ assets is greater than the absolute value of your starting equity, it means you are making money. Clear as mud? Keep thinking about it. Until you figure it out, put -@samp{-Equity} at the end of your balance command, to remove the +@code{-Equity} at the end of your balance command, to remove the confusing figure from the total. @node Dealing with Petty Cash, Working with multiple funds and accounts, Understanding Equity, Principles of Accounting @@ -1186,7 +1053,7 @@ a few large ones, as with checks. One solution is: don't bother. Move your spending to a debit card, but in general ignore cash. Once you withdraw it from the ATM, mark -it as already spent to an @samp{Expenses:Cash} category: +it as already spent to an @code{Expenses:Cash} category: @smallexample 2004/03/15 ATM @@ -1195,7 +1062,7 @@ it as already spent to an @samp{Expenses:Cash} category: @end smallexample If at some point you make a large cash expense that you want to track, -just ``move'' the amount of the expense from @samp{Expenses:Cash} into +just ``move'' the amount of the expense from @code{Expenses:Cash} into the target account: @smallexample @@ -1235,8 +1102,8 @@ reserves resources for later: The problem with this kind of setup is that when you spend money, it comes from two or more places at once: the account and the fund. And yet, the correlation of amounts between funds and accounts is rarely -one-to-one. What if the school fund has @samp{$500.00}, but -@samp{$400.00} of that comes from Checking, and @samp{$100.00} from +one-to-one. What if the school fund has @code{$500.00}, but +@code{$400.00} of that comes from Checking, and @code{$100.00} from Savings? Traditional finance packages require that the money reside in only one @@ -1274,14 +1141,14 @@ account: When reports are generated, by default they'll appear in terms of the funds. In this case, you will likely want to mask out your -@samp{Assets} account, because otherwise the balance won't make much +@code{Assets} account, because otherwise the balance won't make much sense: @example ledger bal -^Assets @end example -If the @option{--real} option is used, the report will be in terms of +If the @code{--real} option is used, the report will be in terms of the real accounts: @example @@ -1303,7 +1170,7 @@ The second way of tracking funds is to use transaction codes. In this respect the codes become like virtual accounts that embrace the entire set of postings. Basically, we are associating a transaction with a fund by setting its code. Here are two transactions that deposit money -into, and spend money from, the @samp{Funds:School} fund: +into, and spend money from, the @code{Funds:School} fund: @smallexample 2004/03/25 (Funds:School) Donations @@ -1320,10 +1187,10 @@ balance or registers reports will reflect this. That the transactions relate to a particular fund is kept only in the code. How does this become a fund report? By using the -@option{--code-as-payee} option, you can generate a register report +@code{--code-as-payee} option, you can generate a register report where the payee for each posting shows the code. Alone, this is not terribly interesting; but when combined with the -@option{--by-payee} option, you will now see account subtotals for any +@code{--by-payee} option, you will now see account subtotals for any postings related to a specific fund. So, to see the current monetary balances of all funds, the command would be: @@ -1331,11 +1198,11 @@ monetary balances of all funds, the command would be: ledger --code-as-payee -P reg ^Assets @end smallexample -Or to see a particular funds expenses, the @samp{School} fund in this +Or to see a particular funds expenses, the @code{School} fund in this case: @smallexample -ledger --code-as-payee -P reg ^Expenses -- School +ledger --code-as-payee -P reg ^Expenses @@School @end smallexample Both approaches yield different kinds of flexibility, depending on how @@ -1384,8 +1251,8 @@ posting. * Currency and Commodities:: * Keeping it Consistent:: * Journal Format:: +* Converting from other formats:: * Archiving Previous Years :: -* Using Emacs:: @end menu @node Most Basic Entry, Starting up, Keeping a Journal, Keeping a Journal @@ -1413,7 +1280,7 @@ balanced amount, if it is the same as the first line: @end smallexample For this transaction, Ledger will figure out that $-23.00 must come from -@samp{Assets:Checking} in order to balance the transaction. +@code{Assets:Checking} in order to balance the transaction. Also note the structure of the account entries. There is an implied hierarchy established by separating with colons (see @pxref{Structuring @@ -1455,9 +1322,9 @@ your opening balance entry could look like this: Assets:Joint Checking $800.14 Assets:Other Checking $63.44 Assets:Savings $2805.54 - Assets:Investments:401K:Deferred 100.0000 VIFSX @ $80.5227 - Assets:Investments:401K:Matching 50.0000 VIFSX @ $83.7015 - Assets:Investments:IRA 250.0000 VTHRX @ $20.5324 + Assets:Investments:401K:Deferred 100.0000 VIFSX @@ $80.5227 + Assets:Investments:401K:Matching 50.0000 VIFSX @@ $83.7015 + Assets:Investments:IRA 250.0000 VTHRX @@ $20.5324 Liabilities:Mortgage $-175634.88 Liabilities:Car Loan $-3494.26 Liabilities:Visa -$1762.44 @@ -1692,7 +1559,7 @@ whose market value disregards any future changes in the price of gasoline. If you do not want price fixing, you can specify this same transaction -in one of two ways, both equivalent (note the lack of the equal sing +in one of two ways, both equivalent (note the lack of the equal sign from the transaction above): @smallexample @@ -1721,6 +1588,145 @@ its amount is null. @node Complete control over commodity pricing, , Fixing Lot Prices, Currency and Commodities @subsection Complete control over commodity pricing +Ledger allows you to have very detailed control over how your +commodities are valued. You can fine tune the results given using the +@code{--market} or @code{--exchange} options. There are now several +points of interception, you can specify the valuation method: +@enumerate + @item on a commodity itself + @item on a posting, via metadata (affect is largely the same as #1) + @item on an xact, which then applies to all postings in that xact + @item on any posting via an automated transaction + @item on a per-account basis + @item on a per-commodity basis + @item by changing the journal default of @code{market} +@end enumerate + +Fixated pricing (such as @code{@{=$20@})} still plays a role in this scheme. As far as +valuation goes, it's shorthand for writing @code{((s,d,t -> market($20,d,t)))}. + + +A valuation function receives three arguments: + +@table @code +@item source + A string identifying the commodity whose price is being asked for + (example: "EUR") +@item date + The reference date the price should be relative. +@item target +A string identifying the ``target'' commodity, or the commodity the + returned price should be in. This argument is null if @code{--market} + was used instead of @code{--exchange}. +@end table + +The valuation function should return an amount. If you've written your +function in Python, you can return something like @code{Amount("$100")}. If the +function returns an explicit value, that value is always used, regardless +of the commodity, the date, or the desired target commodity. For example, + +@smallexample +define myfunc_seven(s, d, t) = 7 EUR +@end smallexample + +In order to specify a fixed price, but still valuate that price into the +target commodity, use something like this: +@smallexample +define myfunc_five(s, d, t) = market(5 EUR, d, t) +@end smallexample + +The @code{value} directive sets the valuation used for all commodities +used in the rest of the data stream. This is the fallback, if nothing +more specific is found. +@smallexample +value myfunc_seven +@end smallexample + +You can set a specific valuation function on a per-commodity basis. +Instead of defining a function, you can also pass a lambda. +@smallexample +commodity $ + value s, d, t -> 6 EUR +@end smallexample + +Each account can also provide a default valuation function for any +commodities transferred to that account. + +@smallexample +account Expenses:Food5 + value myfunc_five +@end smallexample + +The metadata field @code{Value}, if found, overrides the valuation function +on a transaction-wide or per-posting basis. + +@smallexample += @@XACT and Food + ; Value:: 8 EUR + (Equity) $1 + += @@POST and Dining + (Expenses:Food9) $1 + ; Value:: 9 EUR +@end smallexample + +Lastly, you can specify the valuation function/value for any specific +amount using the @code{(( ))} commodity annotation. + +@smallexample +2012-03-02 KFC + Expenses:Food2 $1 ((2 EUR)) + Assets:Cash2 + +2012-03-03 KFC + Expenses:Food3 $1 + ; Value:: 3 EUR + Assets:Cash3 + +2012-03-04 KFC + ; Value:: 4 EUR + Expenses:Food4 $1 + Assets:Cash4 + +2012-03-05 KFC + Expenses:Food5 $1 + Assets:Cash5 + +2012-03-06 KFC + Expenses:Food6 $1 + Assets:Cash6 + +2012-03-07 KFC + Expenses:Food7 1 CAD + Assets:Cas7 + +2012-03-08 XACT + Expenses:Food8 $1 + Assets:Cash8 + +2012-03-09 POST + Expenses:Dining9 $1 + Assets:Cash9 +@end smallexample + + +@smallexample +ledger reg -V food +12-Mar-02 KFC Expenses:Food2 2 EUR 2 EUR +12-Mar-03 KFC <Adjustment> -1 EUR 1 EUR + Expenses:Food3 3 EUR 4 EUR +12-Mar-04 KFC <Adjustment> -2 EUR 2 EUR + Expenses:Food4 4 EUR 6 EUR +12-Mar-05 KFC <Adjustment> -3 EUR 3 EUR + Expenses:Food5 5 EUR 8 EUR +12-Mar-06 KFC <Adjustment> -4 EUR 4 EUR + Expenses:Food6 6 EUR 10 EUR +12-Mar-07 KFC Expenses:Food7 7 EUR 17 EUR +12-Mar-08 XACT Expenses:Food8 8 EUR 25 EUR +12-Mar-09 POST (Expenses:Food9) 9 EUR 34 EUR +@end smallexample + + @node Keeping it Consistent, Journal Format, Currency and Commodities, Keeping a Journal @section Keeping it Consistent @@ -1737,7 +1743,7 @@ account Expenses account Expenses:Utilities ... @end smallexample -Using the @samp{--strict} option will cause Ledger to complain if any accounts are not previously defined: +Using the @code{--strict} option will cause Ledger to complain if any accounts are not previously defined: @smallexample 15:27:39 ~/ledger (next) > ledger bal --strict Warning: "FinanceData/Master.dat", line 6: Unknown account 'Liabilities:Tithe Owed' @@ -1745,14 +1751,14 @@ Warning: "FinanceData/Master.dat", line 8: Unknown account 'Liabilities:Tithe Ow Warning: "FinanceData/Master.dat", line 15: Unknown account 'Allocation:Equities:Domestic' @end smallexample -If you have a large Ledger register already created use the @samp{accounts} command to get started: +If you have a large Ledger register already created use the @code{accounts} command to get started: @smallexample ledger accounts >> Accounts.dat @end smallexample -@noindent You will have to edit this file to add the @samp{account} directive. +@noindent You will have to edit this file to add the @code{account} directive. -@node Journal Format, Archiving Previous Years , Keeping it Consistent, Keeping a Journal +@node Journal Format, Converting from other formats, Keeping it Consistent, Keeping a Journal @section Journal Format The ledger file format is quite simple, but also very flexible. It @@ -1779,11 +1785,11 @@ transaction's account postings. The format of the first line is: DATE[=EDATE] [*|!] [(CODE)] DESC @end smallexample -If @samp{*} appears after the date (with optional effective date), it +If @code{*} appears after the date (with optional effective date), it indicates the transaction is ``cleared'', which can mean whatever the user -wants it to mean. If @samp{!} appears after the date, it indicates d +wants it to mean. If @code{!} appears after the date, it indicates d the transaction is ``pending''; i.e., tentatively cleared from the user's -point of view, but not yet actually cleared. If a @samp{CODE} appears +point of view, but not yet actually cleared. If a @code{CODE} appears in parentheses, it may be used to indicate a check number, or the type of the posting. Following these is the payee, or a description of the posting. @@ -1794,18 +1800,18 @@ The format of each following posting is: ACCOUNT AMOUNT [; NOTE] @end smallexample -The @samp{ACCOUNT} may be surrounded by parentheses if it is a virtual +The @code{ACCOUNT} may be surrounded by parentheses if it is a virtual posting, or square brackets if it is a virtual posting that -must balance. The @samp{AMOUNT} can be followed by a per-unit -posting cost, by specifying @samp{@@ AMOUNT}, or a complete -posting cost with @samp{@@@@ AMOUNT}. Lastly, the @samp{NOTE} may +must balance. The @code{AMOUNT} can be followed by a per-unit +posting cost, by specifying @code{@@ AMOUNT}, or a complete +posting cost with @code{@@@@ AMOUNT}. Lastly, the @code{NOTE} may specify an actual and/or effective date for the posting by using -the syntax @samp{[ACTUAL_DATE]} or @samp{[=EFFECTIVE_DATE]} or -@samp{[ACTUAL_DATE=EFFECTIVE_DATE]}.(See @pxref{Virtual postings}) +the syntax @code{[ACTUAL_DATE]} or @code{[=EFFECTIVE_DATE]} or +@code{[ACTUAL_DATE=EFFECTIVE_DATE]}.(See @pxref{Virtual postings}) @item P Specifies a historical price for a commodity. These are usually found -in a pricing history file (see the @option{-Q} option). The syntax +in a pricing history file (see the @code{-Q} option). The syntax is: @smallexample P DATE SYMBOL PRICE @@ -1818,7 +1824,7 @@ sign. After this initial line there should be a set of one or more postings, just as if it were normal transaction. If the amounts of the postings have no commodity, they will be applied as modifiers to -whichever real posting is matched by the value expression(See @pxref{Automated transactions}). +whichever real posting is matched by the value expression(See @pxref{Automated Transactions}). @item ~ A period transaction. A period expression must appear after the tilde. @@ -1848,8 +1854,8 @@ Command directives must occur at the beginning of a line. Use of ! and @item account Pre-declare valid account names. This only has effect if -@samp{--strict} or @samp{--pedantic} is used (see below). The -@samp{account} directive supports several optional sub-directives, if +@code{--strict} or @code{--pedantic} is used (see below). The +@code{account} directive supports several optional sub-directives, if they immediately follow the account directive and if they begin with whitespace: @@ -1864,14 +1870,14 @@ whitespace: default @end smallexample -The @samp{note} sub-directive associates a textual note with the account. This can -be accessed later using the @samp{note} valexpr function in any account context. +The @code{note} sub-directive associates a textual note with the account. This can +be accessed later using the @code{note} valexpr function in any account context. -The @samp{alias} sub-directive, which can occur multiple times, allows the alias to +The @code{alias} sub-directive, which can occur multiple times, allows the alias to be used in place of the full account name anywhere that account names are allowed. -The @samp{payee} sub-directive, which can occur multiple times, provides regexps +The @code{payee} sub-directive, which can occur multiple times, provides regexps that identify the account if that payee is encountered and an account within its transaction ends in the name "Unknown". Example: @@ -1881,13 +1887,13 @@ its transaction ends in the name "Unknown". Example: Assets:Cash @end smallexample -The @samp{check} and @samp{assert} directives warn or error (respectively) if the given +The @code{check} and @code{assert} directives warn or error (respectively) if the given value expression evaluates to false within the context of any posting. -The @samp{eval} directive evaluates the value expression in the context of the +The @code{eval} directive evaluates the value expression in the context of the account at the time of definition. At the moment this has little value. -The @samp{default} directive specifies that this account should be used as the +The @code{default} directive specifies that this account should be used as the ``balancing account'' for any future transactions that contain only a single posting. @@ -1975,7 +1981,7 @@ account. For example: capture Expenses:Deductible:Medical Medical @end smallexample -Would cause any posting with @code{Medical} in it's name to be replaced with +Would cause any posting with @code{Medical} in its name to be replaced with @code{Expenses:Deductible:Medical}. @@ -1996,13 +2002,13 @@ check <VALUE EXPRESSION BOOLEAN RESULT> Start a block comment, closed by @code{end comment}. @item commodity -Pre-declare commodity names. This only has effect if @samp{--strict} or -@samp{--pedantic} is used (see below). +Pre-declare commodity names. This only has effect if @code{--strict} or +@code{--pedantic} is used (see below). commodity $ commodity CAD -The @samp{commodity} directive supports several optional sub-directives, if they +The @code{commodity} directive supports several optional sub-directives, if they immediately follow the commodity directive and if they begin with whitespace: @smallexample @@ -2013,18 +2019,18 @@ immediately follow the commodity directive and if they begin with whitespace: default @end smallexample -The @samp{note} sub-directive associates a textual note with the commodity. At +The @code{note} sub-directive associates a textual note with the commodity. At present this has no value other than documentation. -The @samp{format} directive gives you a way to tell Ledger how to format this +The @code{format} directive gives you a way to tell Ledger how to format this commodity. In future using this directive will disable Ledger's observation of other ways that commodity is used, and will provide the ``canonical'' representation. -The @samp{nomarket} directive states that the commodity's price should never be +The @code{nomarket} directive states that the commodity's price should never be auto-downloaded. -The @samp{default} directive marks this as the ``default'' commodity. +The @code{default} directive marks this as the ``default'' commodity. @item define @c instance_t::define_directive in textual.cc @@ -2047,13 +2053,48 @@ Closes block commands like @code{tag} or @code{comment}. @item fixed @c instance_t::fixed_directive in textual.cc +A fixed block is used to set fixated prices (@pxref{Fixated prices}) for a series of +transactions. It's purely a typing saver, for use when entering many +transactions with fixated prices. + +Thus, the following: +@smallexample +fixed CAD $0.90 + 2012-04-10 Lunch in Canada + Assets:Wallet -15.50 CAD + Expenses:Food 15.50 CAD + + 2012-04-11 Second day Dinner in Canada + Assets:Wallet -25.75 CAD + Expenses:Food 25.75 CAD +endfixed +@end smallexample +is equivalent to this: +@smallexample + 2012-04-10 Lunch in Canada + Assets:Wallet -15.50 CAD @{=$0.90@} + Expenses:Food 15.50 CAD @{=$0.90@} + + 2012-04-11 Second day Dinner in Canada + Assets:Wallet -25.75 CAD @{=$0.90@} + Expenses:Food 25.75 CAD @{=$0.90@} +@end smallexample + +Note that ending a @code{fixed} is done differently than other +directives, as @code{fixed} is closed with an @code{endfixed} (i.e., +there is @strong{no space} between @code{end} and @code{fixed}). + +For the moment, users may wish to study +@uref{http://bugs.ledger-cli.org/show_bug.cgi?id=789, Bug Report 789} +before using the @code{fixed} directive in production. + @item include @c instance_t::include_directive in textual.cc Include the stated file as if it were part of the current file. @item payee @c instance_t::payee_mapping_directive in textual.cc -The @samp{payee} directive supports one optional sub-directive, if it immediately +The @code{payee} directive supports one optional sub-directive, if it immediately follows the payee directive and if it begins with whitespace: @smallexample @@ -2061,7 +2102,7 @@ follows the payee directive and if it begins with whitespace: alias KENTUCKY FRIED CHICKEN @end smallexample -The @samp{alias} directive provides a regexp which, if it matches a parsed payee, +The @code{alias} directive provides a regexp which, if it matches a parsed payee, the declared payee name is substituted: @smallexample @@ -2121,8 +2162,8 @@ Note that anything following ``@code{end tag}'' is ignored. placing the name of the tag that is being closed is a simple way to keep track. @item tag -Pre-declares tag names. This only has effect if @samp{--strict} or -@samp{--pedantic} is used (see below). +Pre-declares tag names. This only has effect if @code{--strict} or +@code{--pedantic} is used (see below). @smallexample tag Receipt @@ -2138,7 +2179,7 @@ follow the tag directive and if they begin with whitespace: assert value != "foobar" @end smallexample -The @samp{check} and @samp{assert} directives warn or error (respectively) if the given +The @code{check} and @code{assert} directives warn or error (respectively) if the given value expression evaluates to false within the context of any use of the related tag. In such a context, ``value'' is bound to the value of the tag (which may not be a string if typed-metadata is used!). Such checks or @@ -2146,13 +2187,13 @@ assertions are not called if no value is given. @item test @c instance_t::comment_directive in textual.cc -This is a synonym for @code{comment} and must be closed by and @code{end} tag. +This is a synonym for @code{comment} and must be closed by an @code{end} tag. @item year @c instance_t::year_directive in textual.cc Denotes the year used for all subsequent transactions that give a date -without a year. The year should appear immediately after the Y, for -example: @samp{year 2004}. This is useful at the beginning of a file, to +without a year. The year should appear immediately after the directive, for +example: @code{year 2004}. This is useful at the beginning of a file, to specify the year for that file. If all transactions specify a year, however, this command has no effect. @@ -2205,7 +2246,21 @@ timelog files. See the timeclock's documentation for more info on the syntax of its timelog files. @end table -@node Archiving Previous Years , Using Emacs, Journal Format, Keeping a Journal +@node Converting from other formats, Archiving Previous Years , Journal Format, Keeping a Journal +@section Converting from other formats +There are numerous tools to help convert various formats to a Ledger +file. Most banks will generate a commas separated value file that can +easily be parsed into Ledger format using one of those tools. Some of the more popular tools are: +@itemize +@item @code{icsv2ledger} +@item @code{csvToLedger} +@item @code{CSV2Ledger} +@end itemize +@noindent Directly pulling information from banks is outside the scope of Ledger's +function. + + +@node Archiving Previous Years , , Converting from other formats, Keeping a Journal @section Archiving Previous Years @@ -2254,7 +2309,7 @@ they were before the data was split. How often should you split your ledger? You never need to, if you don't want to. Even eighty years of data will not slow down ledger -much---and that's just using present day hardware! Or, you can keep +much, and that's just using present day hardware! Or, you can keep the previous and current year in one file, and each year before that in its own file. It's really up to you, and how you want to organize your finances. For those who also keep an accurate paper trail, it @@ -2264,208 +2319,6 @@ any electronic statements received during the year. In the arena of organization, just keep in mind this maxim: Do whatever keeps you doing it. -@node Using Emacs, , Archiving Previous Years , Keeping a Journal -@section Using Emacs to Maintain Your Journal -@cindex Emacs - -@menu -* running ledger-mode:: -* Working with entries:: -* Reconciling accounts:: -* Generating Reports:: -@end menu - -@node running ledger-mode, Working with entries, Using Emacs, Using Emacs -@subsection Running ledger-mode - -Journal files are simple free text files easily modified by any text -editor. A special mode for Emacs is included with the source -distribution. - -@cindex Emacs .emacs file -To use the Emacs mode, copy the several lisp files from the source lisp -directory your your @file{site-lisp} directory and add the following line -to your @file{.emacs} (or equivalent, @file{~/Aquamacs/Preferences.el} -for Aquamacs on Mac OS X) -@smallexample -(load "ledger") -@end smallexample - -To trigger ledger mode when you visit a journal file, the first line of -each of your journal files should be: -@smallexample -; -*-ledger-*- -@end smallexample -To enter ledger-mode on a new file, type M-x ledger-mode. - -Once you have loaded a Journal file into Emacs, you have several -commands available to make entering, clearing and reconciling -transactions and producing reports: - -@cindex Emacs commands -@table @code -@item C-i or <TAB> -auto complete entry -@item C-c C-a -add a new entry, based on previous entries -@item C-c C-e -toggle cleared status of an entire entry -@item C-c C-c -toggle cleared status of an individual posting -@item C-c C-y -set default year for entry mode -@item C-c C-m -set default month for entry mode -@item C-c C-r -reconcile uncleared entries related to an account -@item C-c C-d -delete the current entry -@item C-c C-s -sort all entries in the journal by date. Drop comments outside of entries -@item C-c C-o C-r -run a ledger report -@item C-C C-o C-g -go to the ledger report buffer -@item C-c C-o C-e -edit the defined ledger reports -@item C-c C-o C-s -save a report definition based on the current report -@item C-c C-o C-a -rerun a ledger report -@item C-c C-o C-k -kill the ledger report buffer -@end table - -@menu -* Working with entries:: -* Reconciling accounts:: -* Generating Reports:: -@end menu - -@node Working with entries, Reconciling accounts, running ledger-mode, Using Emacs -@subsection Working with entries -@menu -* Manual Entry Support:: -* Automagically Adding new entries:: -* Clearing Transactions:: -@end menu - -@node Manual Entry Support, Automagically Adding new entries, Working with entries, Working with entries -@subsubsection Manual Entry Support - -@cindex <TAB> completion -@cindex auto-completion -@cindex misspelled accounts treated as new - -In most financial programs, some sort of auto-completion is available to -save typing and improve accuracy. Ledger doesn't leave you hanging, -@code{ledger-mode} provides tab completion on all portions of an entry. -Type a portion of the payee and hit <TAB>, and @code{ledger-mode} will -suggest a completion. When filling in the account type the first few -letters followed by a <TAB> and the account will be filled in. For -example typing @samp{Ex<TAB>Au<TAB>F<TAB>} would yield -@samp{Expenses:Auto:Fuel} if you had previously used that account in -this journal. If there are more than one account with similar starting, -hitting <TAB> multiple times will iterate through them. This is a good -habit to get in to prevent misspellings of accounts. Remember Ledger -does not validate the names of payees or account so a misspelled account -will be interpreted as a new account by ledger. - - -@node Automagically Adding new entries, Clearing Transactions, Manual Entry Support, Working with entries -@subsubsection Automagically Adding new entries -@cindex new transactions in Emacs -@cindex Emacs, adding new transactions -@code{C-c C-a} will run the @code{ledger entry} command (@pxref{entry -and xact}) from within Emacs. When typed, the mini-buffer will appear -with the current year and month, waiting for you to enter the day and -the payee. Ledger will generate a new entry based on the most recent -entry for that payee, using the amount and accounts from that -transaction. If you have a new amount simply type the amount after the -payee. For example, if your journal contains an entry -@smallexample -2011/11/25 Viva Italiano - Expenses:Food $12.45 - Expenses:Tips $2.55 - Liabilities:MasterCard $-15.00 -@end smallexample -@noindent and you type @samp{C-c C-a}, the mini-buffer will appear showing the -current year and month. If you complete the mini-buffer entry by typing -@smallexample -Entry: 2011/11/28 viva food 34 tip 7 <enter> -@end smallexample -@noindent Emacs will add the following entry to your journal: -@smallexample -2011/11/30 Viva Italiano - Expenses:Food $34.00 - Expenses:Tips $7.00 - Liabilities:MasterCard -@end smallexample -@noindent Notice that the entry will appear at the correct place in the journal -ordered by date, not necessarily at the bottom of the file. -@node Clearing Transactions, , Automagically Adding new entries, Working with entries -@subsubsection Clearing Transactions and Postings -@cindex clearing transactions in Emacs -@cindex Emacs, clear transaction -@code{C-c C-e} will place an asterisk after the date in the current -transaction. The tells ledger the transaction has been cleared through -your bank (or whatever else you want the concept to mean) -@smallexample -2011/11/25 Viva Italiano - Expenses:Food $12.45 - Expenses:Tips $2.55 - Liabilities:MasterCard $-15.00 -@end smallexample -@noindent becomes -@smallexample -2011/11/25 * Viva Italiano - Expenses:Food $12.45 - Expenses:Tips $2.55 - Liabilities:MasterCard $-15.00 -@end smallexample - -If, for some reason you need to clear a specific posting in the -transaction you can type @samp{C-c C-c} and the posting at point will be -toggled. - -@node Reconciling accounts, Generating Reports, Working with entries, Using Emacs -@subsection Reconciling accounts - -In the reconcile buffer, use SPACE to toggle the cleared status of a -transaction, C-x C-s to save changes (to the ledger file as well). - -@node Generating Reports, , Reconciling accounts, Using Emacs -@subsection Generating Reports - -The ledger reports command asks the user to select a report to run then -creates a report buffer containing the results of running the associated -command line. Its' behavior is modified by a prefix argument which, -when given, causes the generated command line that will be used to -create the report to be presented for editing before the report is -actually run. Arbitrary unnamed command lines can be run by specifying -an empty name for the report. The command line used can later be named -and saved for future use as a named report from the generated reports -buffer. - -In a report buffer, the following keys are available: -@table @code -@item (space) -scroll up -@item e -edit the defined ledger reports -@item s -save a report definition based on the current report -@item q -quit the report (return to ledger buffer) -@item r -redo the report -@item k -kill the report buffer -@end table - - - - @node Transactions , Building Reports, Keeping a Journal, Top @chapter Transactions @menu @@ -2486,10 +2339,11 @@ kill the report buffer * Virtual posting costs:: * Commodity prices:: * Prices vs. costs:: +* Fixated prices:: * Lot dates:: * Lot notes:: * Lot value expressions:: -* Automated transactions:: +* Automated Transactions:: @end menu @node Basic format, Eliding amounts, Transactions , Transactions @@ -2736,9 +2590,9 @@ cannot appear in the Key: @node Typed metadata, , Metadata values, Metadata @subsection Typed metadata -If a metadata tag ends in ::, it's value will be parsed as a value expression -and stored internally as a value rather than as a string. For example, -although I can specify a date textually like so: +If a metadata tag ends in ::, its value will be parsed as a value +expression and stored internally as a value rather than as a string. +For example, although I can specify a date textually like so: @smallexample 2012-03-10 * KFC @@ -2747,10 +2601,10 @@ although I can specify a date textually like so: ; AuxDate: 2012/02/30 @end smallexample -@noindent This date is just a string, and won't be parsed as a date unless its value is -used in a date-context (at which time the string is parsed into a date -automatically every time it is needed as a date). If on the other hand I -write this: +@noindent This date is just a string, and won't be parsed as a date +unless its value is used in a date-context (at which time the string +is parsed into a date automatically every time it is needed as a +date). If on the other hand I write this: @smallexample 2012-03-10 * KFC @@ -2759,8 +2613,9 @@ write this: ; AuxDate:: [2012/02/30] @end smallexample -@noindent Then it is parsed as a date only once, and during parsing of the journal file, -which would let me know right away that it is an invalid date. +@noindent Then it is parsed as a date only once, and during parsing +of the journal file, which would let me know right away that it is an +invalid date. @node Virtual postings, Expression amounts, Metadata, Transactions @section Virtual postings @@ -2771,7 +2626,7 @@ there are some tricks up Ledger's sleeve... You can use virtual accounts to transfer amounts to an account on the sly, bypassing the balancing requirement. The trick is that these postings are not -considered ``real'', and can be removed from all reports using @samp{--real}. +considered ``real'', and can be removed from all reports using @code{--real}. To specify a virtual account, surround the account name with parentheses: @@ -2917,12 +2772,12 @@ resulting posting cost is $50.00 per share. @node Explicit posting costs, Posting cost expressions, Posting cost, Transactions @section Explicit posting costs -You can make any posting's cost explicit using the @ symbol after the amount +You can make any posting's cost explicit using the @@ symbol after the amount or amount expression: @smallexample 2012-03-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @ $50.00 + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ $50.00 Assets:Brokerage:Cash $-500.00 @end smallexample @@ -2931,7 +2786,7 @@ the first posting's cost, you can elide the other amount: @smallexample 2012-03-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @ $50.00 + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ $50.00 Assets:Brokerage:Cash @end smallexample @@ -2948,7 +2803,7 @@ source account. Whenever a commodity is exchanged like this, the commodity moved to the target account is considered "secondary", while the commodity used for purchasing and tracked in the cost is "primary". -Said another way, whenever Ledger sees a posting cost of the form "AMOUNT @ +Said another way, whenever Ledger sees a posting cost of the form "AMOUNT @@ AMOUNT", the commodity used in the second amount is marked "primary". The only meaning a primary commodity has is that -V flag will never convert a @@ -2961,7 +2816,7 @@ Just as you can have amount expressions, you can have posting expressions: @smallexample 2012-03-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @ ($500.00 / 10) + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ ($500.00 / 10) Assets:Brokerage:Cash @end smallexample @@ -2969,20 +2824,20 @@ You can even have both: @smallexample 2012-03-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage (5 AAPL * 2) @ ($500.00 / 10) + Assets:Brokerage (5 AAPL * 2) @@ ($500.00 / 10) Assets:Brokerage:Cash @end smallexample @node Total posting costs, Virtual posting costs, Posting cost expressions, Transactions @section Total posting costs -The cost figure following the @ character specifies the @emph{per-unit} price for +The cost figure following the @@ character specifies the @emph{per-unit} price for the commodity being transferred. If you'd like to specify the total cost instead, use @@@@: @smallexample 2012-03-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@@@ $500.00 + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ $500.00 Assets:Brokerage:Cash @end smallexample @@ -3014,7 +2869,7 @@ of an exceptional transaction, surround the @@ or @@@@ with parentheses: When a transaction occurs that exchange one commodity for another, Ledger records that commodity price not only within its internal price database, but also attached to the commodity itself. Usually this fact remains invisible to -the user, unless you turn on @samp{--lot-prices} to show these hidden price figures. +the user, unless you turn on @code{--lot-prices} to show these hidden price figures. For example, consider the stock sale given above: @@ -3096,7 +2951,7 @@ Plus, it comes with dangers. This works fine: @smallexample 2012-04-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @ $50.00 + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ $50.00 Assets:Brokerage:Cash $750.00 2012-04-10 My Broker @@ -3114,7 +2969,7 @@ Plus, it comes with dangers. This works fine: @smallexample 2012-04-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @ $50.00 + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ $50.00 Assets:Brokerage:Cash $750.00 2012-04-10 My Broker @@ -3131,7 +2986,7 @@ Plus, it comes with dangers. This works fine: And in cases where the amounts do not divide into whole figure and must be rounded, the capital gains figure could be off by a cent. Use with caution. -@node Prices vs. costs, Lot dates, Commodity prices, Transactions +@node Prices vs. costs, Fixated prices, Commodity prices, Transactions @section Prices vs. costs Because lot pricing provides enough information to infer the cost, the @@ -3139,7 +2994,7 @@ following two transactions are equivalent: @smallexample 2012-04-10 My Broker - Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @ $50.00 + Assets:Brokerage 10 AAPL @@ $50.00 Assets:Brokerage:Cash $750.00 2012-04-10 My Broker @@ -3151,7 +3006,8 @@ However, note that what you see in some reports may differ, for example in the print report. Functionally, however, there is no difference, and neither the register nor the balance report are sensitive to this difference. -@section Fixated prices +@node Fixated prices, Lot dates, Prices vs. costs, Transactions +@section Fixated prices and costs If you buy a stock last year, and ask for its value today, Ledger will consult its price database to see what the most recent price for that stock is. You @@ -3170,14 +3026,7 @@ else happens to the stock in the meantime. Fixated prices are a special case of using lot valuation expressions (see below) to fix the value of a commodity lot. -@menu -* Fixated costs:: -@end menu - -@node Fixated costs, , Prices vs. costs, Prices vs. costs -@subsection Fixated costs - -Since price annotations are costs are largely interchangeable and a matter of +Since price annotations and costs are largely interchangeable and a matter of preference, there is an equivalent syntax for specified fixated prices by way of the cost: @@ -3188,13 +3037,13 @@ of the cost: @end smallexample This is the same as the previous transaction, with the same caveats found in -the section ``Prices vs. costs''. +@ref{Prices vs. costs}. -@node Lot dates, Lot notes, Prices vs. costs, Transactions +@node Lot dates, Lot notes, Fixated prices, Transactions @section Lot dates In addition to lot prices, you can specify lot dates and reveal them with -@samp{--lot-dates}. Other than that, however, they have no special meaning to +@code{--lot-dates}. Other than that, however, they have no special meaning to Ledger. They are specified after the amount in square brackets (the same way that dates are parsed in value expressions): @@ -3210,7 +3059,7 @@ that dates are parsed in value expressions): You can also associate arbitrary notes for your own record keeping in parentheses, and reveal them with --lot-notes. One caveat is that the note -cannot begin with an @ character, as that would indicate a virtual cost: +cannot begin with an @@ character, as that would indicate a virtual cost: @smallexample 2012-04-10 My Broker @@ -3222,9 +3071,9 @@ cannot begin with an @ character, as that would indicate a virtual cost: You can any combination of lot prices, dates or notes, in any order. They are all optional. -To show all lot information in a report, use @samp{--lots}. +To show all lot information in a report, use @code{--lots}. -@node Lot value expressions, Automated transactions, Lot notes, Transactions +@node Lot value expressions, Automated Transactions, Lot notes, Transactions @section Lot value expressions Normally when you ask Ledger to display the values of commodities held, it @@ -3291,8 +3140,8 @@ In most cases, it is simplest to either use explicit amounts in your valuation expressions, or just pass the arguments down to market after modifying them to suit your needs. -@node Automated transactions, , Lot value expressions, Transactions -@section Automated transactions +@node Automated Transactions, , Lot value expressions, Transactions +@section Automated Transactions An automated transaction is a special kind of transaction which adds its postings to other transactions any time one of that other transactions' @@ -3344,9 +3193,10 @@ transaction. * State flags:: * Effective Dates:: * Periodic Transactions:: +* Concrete Example of Automated Transactions:: @end menu -@node Amount multipliers, Accessing the matching posting's amount, Automated transactions, Automated transactions +@node Amount multipliers, Accessing the matching posting's amount, Automated Transactions, Automated Transactions @subsection Amount multipliers As a special case, if an automated transaction's posting's amount (phew) has @@ -3375,7 +3225,7 @@ Then the latter transaction turns into this during parsing: Bar $-1000.00 @end smallexample -@node Accessing the matching posting's amount, Referring to the matching posting's account, Amount multipliers, Automated transactions +@node Accessing the matching posting's amount, Referring to the matching posting's account, Amount multipliers, Automated Transactions @subsection Accessing the matching posting's amount If you use an amount expression for an automated transaction's posting, that @@ -3402,7 +3252,7 @@ This becomes: (Foo) $-40.00 @end smallexample -@node Referring to the matching posting's account, Applying metadata to every matched posting, Accessing the matching posting's amount, Automated transactions +@node Referring to the matching posting's account, Applying metadata to every matched posting, Accessing the matching posting's amount, Automated Transactions @subsection Referring to the matching posting's account Sometimes want to refer to the account that matched in some way within the @@ -3427,7 +3277,7 @@ Becomes: Assets:Cash $-20.00 @end smallexample -@node Applying metadata to every matched posting, Applying metadata to the generated posting, Referring to the matching posting's account, Automated transactions +@node Applying metadata to every matched posting, Applying metadata to the generated posting, Referring to the matching posting's account, Automated Transactions @subsection Applying metadata to every matched posting If the automated transaction has a transaction note, that note is copied @@ -3453,7 +3303,7 @@ Becomes: Assets:Cash $-20.00 @end smallexample -@node Applying metadata to the generated posting, State flags, Applying metadata to every matched posting, Automated transactions +@node Applying metadata to the generated posting, State flags, Applying metadata to every matched posting, Automated Transactions @subsection Applying metadata to the generated posting If the automated transaction's posting has a note, that note is carried to the @@ -3483,14 +3333,14 @@ This is slightly different from the rules for regular transaction notes, in that an automated transaction's note does not apply to every posting within the automated transaction itself, but rather to every posting it matches. -@node State flags, Effective Dates, Applying metadata to the generated posting, Automated transactions +@node State flags, Effective Dates, Applying metadata to the generated posting, Automated Transactions @subsection State flags Although you cannot mark an automated transaction as a whole as cleared or pending, you can mark its postings with a * or ! before the account name, and that state flag gets carried to the generated posting. -@node Effective Dates, Periodic Transactions, State flags, Automated transactions +@node Effective Dates, Periodic Transactions, State flags, Automated Transactions @subsection Effective Dates @cindex effective dates @@ -3557,16 +3407,93 @@ automatic $37.50 deficit like you should, while your checking account really knows that it debited $225 this month. -@node Periodic Transactions, , Effective Dates, Automated transactions +@node Periodic Transactions, Concrete Example of Automated Transactions, Effective Dates, Automated Transactions @subsection Periodic Transactions A periodic transaction starts with a ~ followed by a period expression. Periodic transactions are used for budgeting and forecasting only, they -have no effect without the @samp{--budget} option specified. +have no effect without the @code{--budget} option specified. See @ref{Budgeting and Forecasting} for examples and details. +@node Concrete Example of Automated Transactions, , Periodic Transactions, Automated Transactions +@subsection Concrete Example of Automated Transactions + + +As a Bahá'í, I need to compute Huqúqu'lláh whenever I acquire assets. +It is similar to tithing for Jews and Christians, or to Zakát for +Muslims. The exact details of computing Huqúqu'lláh are somewhat +complex, but if you have further interest, please consult the Web. + +Ledger makes this otherwise difficult law very easy. Just set up an +automated posting at the top of your ledger file: + +@smallexample +; This automated transaction will compute Huqúqu'lláh based on this +; journal's postings. Any that match will affect the +; Liabilities:Huququ'llah account by 19% of the value of that posting. + += /^(?:Income:|Expenses:(?:Business|Rent$|Furnishings|Taxes|Insurance))/ + (Liabilities:Huququ'llah) 0.19 +@end smallexample + +This automated posting works by looking at each posting in the +ledger file. If any match the given value expression, 19% of the +posting's value is applied to the @samp{Liabilities:Huququ'llah} +account. So, if $1000 is earned from @samp{Income:Salary}, $190 is +added to @samp{Liabilities:Huqúqu'lláh}; if $1000 is spent on Rent, +$190 is subtracted. The ultimate balance of Huqúqu'lláh reflects how +much is owed in order to fulfill one's obligation to Huqúqu'lláh. +When ready to pay, just write a check to cover the amount shown in +@samp{Liabilities:Huququ'llah}. That transaction would look like: + +@smallexample +2003/01/01 (101) Baha'i Huqúqu'lláh Trust + Liabilities:Huququ'llah $1,000.00 + Assets:Checking +@end smallexample + +That's it. To see how much Huqúq is currently owed based on your +ledger transactions, use: + +@smallexample +ledger balance Liabilities:Huquq +@end smallexample + +This works fine, but omits one aspect of the law: that Huquq is only +due once the liability exceeds the value of 19 mithqáls of gold (which +is roughly 2.22 ounces). So what we want is for the liability to +appear in the balance report only when it exceeds the present day +value of 2.22 ounces of gold. This can be accomplished using the +command: + +@smallexample +ledger -Q -t "/Liab.*Huquq/?(a/P@{2.22 AU@}<=@{-1.0@}&a):a" -s bal liab +@end smallexample + +With this command, the current price for gold is downloaded, and the +Huqúqu'lláh is reported only if its value exceeds that of 2.22 ounces +of gold. If you wish the liability to be reflected in the parent +subtotal either way, use this instead: + +@smallexample +ledger -Q -T "/Liab.*Huquq/?(O/P@{2.22 AU@}<=@{-1.0@}&O):O" -s bal liab +@end smallexample + +In some cases, you may wish to refer to the account of whichever +posting matched your automated transaction's value expression. To do +this, use the special account name @samp{$account}: + +@smallexample += /^Some:Long:Account:Name/ + [$account] -0.10 + [Savings] 0.10 +@end smallexample + +This example causes 10% of the matching account's total to be deferred +to the @samp{Savings} account---as a balanced virtual posting, +which may be excluded from reports by using @option{--real}. @@ -3640,7 +3567,7 @@ command. $ 5,480.00 20:39:21 ~/ledger/test/input > @end smallexample -@noindent note the implicit logical and between @samp{Auto} and @samp{Mastercard}. +@noindent note the implicit logical and between @code{Auto} and @code{Mastercard}. If you want the entire contents of a branch of your account tree, use the highest common name in the branch: @@ -3663,7 +3590,7 @@ You can use general regular expressions in nearly anyplace Ledger needs a string The first example looks for any account starting with ``Bo'', of which there are none. The second looks for any account with ``Bo'', which is -@samp{Expenses:Books}. +@code{Expenses:Books}. @cindex limit by payees If you want to know exactly how much you have spent in a particular @@ -3714,22 +3641,22 @@ The following query makes it easy to see monthly expenses, with each month's expenses sorted by the amount: @example -ledger -M --period-sort t reg ^expenses +ledger -M --period-sort "(amount)" reg ^expenses @end example Now, you might wonder where the money came from to pay for these -things. To see that report, add @option{-r}, which shows the +things. To see that report, add @code{-r}, which shows the ``related account'' postings: @example -ledger -M --period-sort t -r reg ^expenses +ledger -M --period-sort "(amount)" -r reg ^expenses @end example But maybe this prints too much information. You might just want to see how much you're spending with your MasterCard. That kind of query requires the use of a display predicate, since the postings -calculated must match @samp{^expenses}, while the postings -displayed must match @samp{mastercard}. The command would be: +calculated must match @code{^expenses}, while the postings +displayed must match @code{mastercard}. The command would be: @example ledger -M -r --display "account =~ /mastercard/" reg ^expenses @@ -3737,8 +3664,8 @@ ledger -M -r --display "account =~ /mastercard/" reg ^expenses This query says: Report monthly subtotals; report the ``related account'' postings; display only related postings whose -account matches @samp{mastercard}, and base the calculation on -postings matching @samp{^expenses}. +account matches @code{mastercard}, and base the calculation on +postings matching @code{^expenses}. This works just as well for report the overall total, too: @@ -3746,7 +3673,7 @@ This works just as well for report the overall total, too: ledger -s -r --display "account =~ /mastercard/"/ reg ^expenses @end example -The @option{-s} option subtotals all postings, just as @option{-M} +The @code{-s} option subtotals all postings, just as @code{-M} subtotaled by the month. The running total in both cases is off, however, since a display expression is being used. @@ -3882,8 +3809,8 @@ register reports. The script to do this is included in the ledger distribution, and is named @file{contrib/report}. Install @file{report} anywhere along your @env{PATH}, and then use @command{report} instead of @command{ledger} when doing a register report. The only thing to keep -in mind is that you must specify @option{-j (--amount-data)} or -@option{-J (--total-data)} to indicate whether Gnuplot should plot the +in mind is that you must specify @code{-j (--amount-data)} or +@code{-J (--total-data)} to indicate whether Gnuplot should plot the amount, or the running total. For example, this command plots total monthly expenses made on your MasterCard. @@ -3914,8 +3841,8 @@ report -J -l "Ua>=@{\$0.01@}" reg ^assets ^liab report -J -l "Ua>=@{\$0.01@}" -d "d>=[last feb]" reg ^assets ^liab @end smallexample -The last report uses both a calculation predicate (@option{-l}) and a -display predicate (@option{-d}). The calculation predicates limits +The last report uses both a calculation predicate (@code{-l}) and a +display predicate (@code{-d}). The calculation predicates limits the report to postings whose amount is greater than $1 (which can only happen if the posting amount is in dollars). The display predicate limits the transactions @emph{displayed} to just those since last @@ -3932,7 +3859,6 @@ of the balance. * Primary Financial Reports:: Reports in other formats:: Reports about * Reports in other Formats:: * Reports about your Journals:: -* Developer Commands:: @end menu @node Primary Financial Reports, Reports in other Formats, Reporting Commands, Reporting Commands @@ -3978,7 +3904,7 @@ always be the same as the current balance of that account. If you have Gnuplot installed, you may plot the amount or running total of any register by using the script @file{report}, which is included in the Ledger distribution. The only requirement is that you -add either @option{-j} or @option{-J} to your register command, in +add either @code{-j} or @code{-J} to your register command, in order to plot either the amount or total column, respectively. @node The print Command, , The register Command, Primary Financial Reports @@ -3998,14 +3924,14 @@ file whose formatting has gotten out of hand. @section Reports in other Formats @menu * Comma Separated Variable files:: -* Emacs:: -* Emacs org mode:: +* The lisp command:: +* Emacs Org mode:: * The pricemap Command:: * The xml Command:: * prices and pricedb:: @end menu -@node Comma Separated Variable files, Emacs, Reports in other Formats, Reports in other Formats +@node Comma Separated Variable files, The lisp command, Reports in other Formats, Reports in other Formats @subsection Comma Separated Variable files @menu * The csv command:: @@ -4014,19 +3940,19 @@ file whose formatting has gotten out of hand. @node The csv command, The convert command, Comma Separated Variable files, Comma Separated Variable files @subsubsection The @code{csv} command -The csv command will output print out the desired ledger transactions in -a csv format suitable for import into other programs. You can determine -the transaction to print using all the normal limiting and searching +The @command{csv} command will output print out the desired ledger transactions in +a csv format suitable for import into other programs. You can specify +the transactions to print using all the normal limiting and searching functions. @cindex csv conversion @cindex reading csv @cindex comma separated variable file reading @node The convert command, , The csv command, Comma Separated Variable files @subsubsection The @code{convert} command -Convert reads your Ledger journal then parses a comma separated value -(csv) file into Ledger transactions. Many banks offer csv file -downloads. Unfortunately the file formats, aside form the commas, are -all different. The ledger convert command tried to help as much as it +The @code{convert} command parses a comma separated value +(csv) file and outputs Ledger transactions. Many banks offer csv file +downloads. Unfortunately, the file formats, aside the from commas, are +all different. The ledger @code{convert} command tries to help as much as it can. Your banks csv files will have fields in different orders from other @@ -4058,7 +3984,7 @@ line of the file. The fields ledger can recognize are called Delete the account description lines at the top, and replace the first line in the data above with: @smallexample -date,payee,note,amount,,,code, +,date,payee,note,amount,,,code, @end smallexample Then execute ledger like this: @@ -4070,10 +3996,53 @@ Where the @code{--input-date-format} option tells ledger how to interpret the dates. Importing csv files is a lot of work, and but is very amenable to scripting. -@node Emacs, Emacs org mode, Comma Separated Variable files, Reports in other Formats -@subsection Emacs -The @command{emacs} command outputs results in a form that can be read +If there are columns in the bank data you would like to keep in your +ledger data, besides the primary fields described above, you can name +them in the field descriptor list and Ledger will include them in the +transaction as meta data if it doesn't recognize the field name. For +example, if you want to capture the bank transaction number and it +occurs in the first column of the data use: + + +@smallexample +transid,date,payee,note,amount,,,code, +@end smallexample + +Ledger will include @code{; transid: 767718} in the first transaction is +from the file above. + +The @code{convert} command accepts three options, the most important +ones are @code{--invert} which inverts the amount field, and +@code{--account NAME} which you can use to specify the account to +balance against and @code{--rich-data}. When using the rich-data switch +additional metadata is stored as tags. There is, for example, a UUID field. If +an entry with the same UUID tag is already included in the normal ledger +file (specified via @code{-f} or @code{$LEDGER_FILE}) this entry will not be printed +again. + +You can also use @code{convert} with @code{payee} and @code{account} +directives. First, you can use the @code{payee} and @code{alias} +directive to rewrite the @code{payee} field based on some rules. Then you can +use the account and its @code{payee} directive to specify the account. I use it +like this, for example: + +@smallexample +payee Aldi + alias ^ALDI SUED SAGT DANKE +account Aufwand:Einkauf:Lebensmittel + payee ^(Aldi|Alnatura|Kaufland|REWE)$ +@end smallexample + +Note that it may be necessary for the output of @code{ledger convert} to be +passed through @code{ledger print} a second time if you want to match on the +new payee field. During the @code{ledger convert} run only the original payee +name as specified in the csv data seems to be used. + +@node The lisp command, Emacs Org mode, Comma Separated Variable files, Reports in other Formats +@subsection The @code{lisp} command + +The @command{lisp} command outputs results in a form that can be read directly by Emacs Lisp. The format of the @code{sexp} is: @smallexample @@ -4082,24 +4051,26 @@ directly by Emacs Lisp. The format of the @code{sexp} is: ...) ; list of transactions @end smallexample -@node Emacs org mode, The pricemap Command, Emacs, Reports in other Formats +@noindent @code{emacs} can also be used as a synonym for @code{lisp} + +@node Emacs Org mode, The pricemap Command, The lisp command, Reports in other Formats @subsection Emacs @code{org} Mode The @code{org} command produces a journal file suitable for use in the -Emacs org mode. More details on using org mode can be found at +Emacs Org mode. More details on using Org mode can be found at @url{http://www.orgmode.org}. -Org mode has a sub-system known as babel which allows for literate +Org mode has a sub-system known as Babel which allows for literate programming. This allows you to mix text and code within the same document and automatically execute code which may generate results which will then appear in the text. -One of the languages supported by org+babel is ledger so that you can +One of the languages supported by @code{org+babel} is Ledger, so that you can have ledger commands embedded in a text file and have the output of ledger commands also appear in the text file. The output can be updated whenever any new ledger entries are added. -For instance, the following org mode text document snippet illustrates a -very naive but still useful of the org+babel system: +For instance, the following Org mode text document snippet illustrates a +very naive but still useful of the @code{org+babel} system: @smallexample * A simple test of ledger in an org file @@ -4139,7 +4110,7 @@ You can combine multiple source code blocks before executing ledger and do all kinds of other wonderful things with Babel (and org). -@subsection Org-mode with Babel +@subsection Org mode with Babel Using Babel, it is possible to record financial transactions conveniently in an org file and subsequently generate the financial @@ -4183,7 +4154,7 @@ The easiest, albeit possibly less useful, way in which to use Ledger within an org file is to use a single source block to record all Ledger entries. The following is an example source block: @smallexample -#+srcname: allinone +#+name: allinone #+begin_src ledger 2010/01/01 * Starting balance assets:bank:savings £1300.00 @@ -4233,16 +4204,16 @@ Evaluating the code block again would generate a different report. Having to change the actual directive on the code block and re-evaluate makes it difficult to have more than one view of your transactions and financial state. Eventually, babel will support passing arguments to -#+call evaluations of code blocks but this support is missing +@code{#+call} evaluations of code blocks but this support is missing currently. Instead, we can use the concepts of literary programming, as implemented by the noweb features of babel, to help us. -@subsubheading Multiple Ledger source blocks with noweb +@subsubheading Multiple Ledger source blocks with @command{noweb} -The noweb feature of babel allows us to expand references to other code -blocks within a code block. For Ledger, this can be used to group -transactions according to type, say, and then bring various sets of -transactions together to generate reports. +The @command{noweb} feature of babel allows us to expand references to +other code blocks within a code block. For Ledger, this can be used to +group transactions according to type, say, and then bring various sets +of transactions together to generate reports. Using the same transactions used above, we could consider splitting these into expenses and income, as follows: @@ -4254,7 +4225,7 @@ placed several entries, but we could have had each entry in a separate src block. Note that all code blocks you wish to refer to later must have the :noweb yes babel header argument specified. @smallexample -#+srcname: income +#+name: income #+begin_src ledger :noweb yes 2010/01/01 * Starting balance assets:bank:savings £1300.00 @@ -4279,7 +4250,7 @@ The following entries relate to personal expenses, such as rent and food. Again, these have all been placed in a single src block but could have been done individually. @smallexample -#+srcname: expenses +#+name: expenses #+begin_src ledger :noweb yes 2010/07/23 Rent expenses:rent £500.00 @@ -4294,7 +4265,7 @@ have been done individually. Given the ledger entries defined above in the income and expenses code blocks, we can now refer to these using the noweb expansion directives, -<<name>>. We can now define different code blocks to generate specific +@code{<<name>>}. We can now define different code blocks to generate specific reports for those transactions. Below are two examples, one to generate a balance report and one to generate a register report of all transactions. @@ -4302,11 +4273,11 @@ transactions. The overall balance of your account and expenditure with a breakdown according to category is specified by passing the :cmdline bal argument -to Ledger. This code block can now be evaluated (C-c C-c) and the +to Ledger. This code block can now be evaluated (@code{C-c C-c}) and the results generated by incorporating the transactions referred to by the -<<income>> and <<expenses>>= lines. +@code{<<income>>} and @code{<<expenses>>} lines. @smallexample -#+srcname: balance +#+name: balance #+begin_src ledger :cmdline bal :noweb yes <<income>> <<expenses>> @@ -4319,7 +4290,7 @@ results generated by incorporating the transactions referred to by the @end smallexample If you want a more detailed breakdown of where your money is and where -it has been spent, you can specify the -s flag (i.e. :cmdline -s bal) to +it has been spent, you can specify the @code{-s} flag (i.e. @code{:cmdline -s bal}) to tell Ledger to include sub-accounts in the report. @smallexample @@ -4344,11 +4315,11 @@ tell Ledger to include sub-accounts in the report. You can also generate a monthly register (the reg command) by executing the following src block. This presents a summary of transactions for -each monthly period (the -M argument) with a running total in the final +each monthly period (the @code{-M} argument) with a running total in the final column (which should be 0 at the end if all the entries are correct). @smallexample -#+srcname: monthlyregister +#+name: monthlyregister #+begin_src ledger :cmdline -M reg :noweb yes <<income>> <<expenses>> @@ -4372,7 +4343,7 @@ are increasing (or decreasing!). In this case, the final column will be the running total of the assets in our ledger. @smallexample -#+srcname: monthlyassetsregister +#+name: monthlyassetsregister #+begin_src ledger :cmdline -M reg assets :noweb yes <<income>> <<expenses>> @@ -4392,9 +4363,17 @@ file and manipulated using Babel. However, only simple Ledger features have been illustrated; please refer to the Ledger documentation for examples of more complex operations with a ledger. -@node The pricemap Command, The xml Command, Emacs org mode, Reports in other Formats +@node The pricemap Command, The xml Command, Emacs Org mode, Reports in other Formats @subsection The @code{pricemap} Command +If you have the @code{graphviz} graph visualization package installed, ledger +can generate a graph of the relationship between your various +commodities. The output file is in the ``dot'' format. + +This is probably not very interesting, unless you have many different +commodities valued in terms of each other. For example, multiple +currencies and multiples investments valued in those currencies. + @node The xml Command, prices and pricedb, The pricemap Command, Reports in other Formats @subsection The @code{xml} Command @@ -4414,8 +4393,8 @@ The general format used for Ledger data is: </ledger> @end smallexample -The data stream is enclosed in a @samp{ledger} tag, which contains a -series of one or more transactions. Each @samp{xact} describes the +The data stream is enclosed in a @code{ledger} tag, which contains a +series of one or more transactions. Each @code{xact} describes the transaction and contains a series of one or more postings: @smallexample @@ -4432,19 +4411,19 @@ transaction and contains a series of one or more postings: </xact> @end smallexample -The date format for @samp{en:date} is always @samp{YYYY/MM/DD}. The -@samp{en:cleared} tag is optional, and indicates whether the posting has -been cleared or not. There is also an @samp{en:pending} tag, for -marking pending postings. The @samp{en:code} and @samp{en:payee} tags +The date format for @code{en:date} is always @code{YYYY/MM/DD}. The +@code{en:cleared} tag is optional, and indicates whether the posting has +been cleared or not. There is also an @code{en:pending} tag, for +marking pending postings. The @code{en:code} and @code{en:payee} tags both contain whatever text the user wishes. After the initial transaction data, there must follow a set of postings -marked with @samp{en:postings}. Typically these postings will all +marked with @code{en:postings}. Typically these postings will all balance each other, but if not they will be automatically balanced into -an account named @samp{<Unknown>}. +an account named @code{<Unknown>}. -Within the @samp{en:postings} tag is a series of one or more -@samp{posting}'s, which have the following form: +Within the @code{en:postings} tag is a series of one or more +@code{posting}'s, which have the following form: @smallexample <posting> @@ -4461,13 +4440,13 @@ Within the @samp{en:postings} tag is a series of one or more @end smallexample This is a basic posting. It may also be begin with -@samp{tr:virtual} and/or @samp{tr:generated} tags, to indicate virtual -and auto-generated postings. Then follows the @samp{tr:account} +@code{tr:virtual} and/or @code{tr:generated} tags, to indicate virtual +and auto-generated postings. Then follows the @code{tr:account} tag, which contains the full name of the account the posting is related to. Colons separate parent from child in an account name. Lastly follows the amount of the posting, indicated by -@samp{tr:amount}. Within this tag is a @samp{value} tag, of which +@code{tr:amount}. Within this tag is a @code{value} tag, of which there are four different kinds, each with its own format: @enumerate @@ -4477,15 +4456,15 @@ there are four different kinds, each with its own format: @item balance @end enumerate -The format of a Boolean value is @samp{true} or @samp{false} -surrounded by a @samp{boolean} tag, for example: +The format of a Boolean value is @code{true} or @code{false} +surrounded by a @code{boolean} tag, for example: @smallexample <boolean>true</boolean> @end smallexample The format of an integer value is the numerical value surrounded by an -@samp{integer} tag, for example: +@code{integer} tag, for example: @smallexample <integer>12036</integer> @@ -4547,11 +4526,11 @@ the same data. @node prices and pricedb, , The xml Command, Reports in other Formats -@subsection prices and pricedb +@subsection @code{prices} and @code{pricedb} The @command{prices} command displays the price history for matching -commodities. The @option{-A} flag is useful with this report, to -display the running average price, or @option{-D} to show each price's +commodities. The @code{-A} flag is useful with this report, to +display the running average price, or @code{-D} to show each price's deviation from that average. There is also a @command{pricedb} command which outputs the same @@ -4560,35 +4539,48 @@ by Ledger. This is useful for generating and tidying up pricedb database files. -@node Reports about your Journals, Developer Commands, Reports in other Formats, Reporting Commands +@node Reports about your Journals, , Reports in other Formats, Reporting Commands @section Reports about your Journals @menu * accounts:: * commodities:: +* tags:: * entry and xact:: * payees:: @end menu @node accounts, commodities, Reports about your Journals, Reports about your Journals -@subsection accounts +@subsection @code{accounts} The @command{accounts} reports all of the accounts in the journal. Following the command with a regular expression will limit the output to -accounts matching the regex. +accounts matching the regex. The output is sorted by name. Using the +@code{--count} option will tell you haw many entries use each account. + +@node commodities, tags, accounts, Reports about your Journals +@subsection @command{commodities} +Report all commodities present in the journals under consideration. The + output is sorted by name. Using the @code{--count} option will tell + you haw many entries use each commodity. -@node commodities, entry and xact, accounts, Reports about your Journals -@subsection commodities -Report all commodities present in the journals under consideration. +@node tags, entry and xact, commodities, Reports about your Journals +@subsection @command{tags} +The @command{tags} reports all of the tags in the journal. The output +is sorted by name. Using the @code{--count} option will tell you haw +many entries use each tag. Using the @code{--values} option will report +the values used by each tag. -@node entry and xact, payees, commodities, Reports about your Journals -@subsection entry and xact -The @code{entry} and @command{xact} commands simplify the creation of -new transactions. It works on the principle that 80% of all postings -are variants of earlier postings. Here's how it works: + +@node entry and xact, payees, tags, Reports about your Journals +@subsection @command{draft}, @command{entry} and @command{xact} + +The @code{draft}, @code{entry} and @command{xact} commands simplify the +creation of new transactions. It works on the principle that 80% of all +postings are variants of earlier postings. Here's how it works: Say you currently have this posting in your ledger file: @@ -4599,7 +4591,7 @@ Say you currently have this posting in your ledger file: Liabilities:MasterCard $-15.00 @end smallexample -Now it's @samp{2004/4/9}, and you've just eating at @samp{Viva +Now it's @code{2004/4/9}, and you've just eating at @code{Viva Italiano} again. The exact amounts are different, but the overall form is the same. With the @command{xact} command you can type: @@ -4617,10 +4609,10 @@ This produces the following output: @end smallexample It works by finding a past posting matching the regular expression -@samp{viva}, and assuming that any accounts or amounts specified will +@code{viva}, and assuming that any accounts or amounts specified will be similar to that earlier posting. If Ledger does not succeed in generating a new transaction, an error is printed and the exit code is set -to @samp{1}. +to @code{1}. Here are a few more examples of the @command{xact} command, assuming the above journal transaction: @@ -4638,7 +4630,7 @@ ledger xact 4/9 viva dining "DM 11.50" backwards compatibility with Ledger 2.X. @node payees, , entry and xact, Reports about your Journals -@subsection payees +@subsection @code{payees} The @command{payees} reports all of the unique payees in the journal. To filter the payees displayed you must use the prefix: @smallexample @@ -4652,191 +4644,6 @@ macbook-2:$ -@node Developer Commands, , Reports about your Journals, Reporting Commands -@section Developer Commands -@menu -* echo:: -* reload:: -* source:: -* Debug Options:: -* Pre-commands:: -@end menu - -@node echo, reload, Developer Commands, Developer Commands -@subsection echo -This command simply echos its argument back to the output. - - -@node reload, source, echo, Developer Commands -@subsection reload -Forces ledger to reload any journal files. This function exists to -support external programs controlling a running ledger process and does -nothing for a command line user. - -@node source, Debug Options, reload, Developer Commands -@subsection source -The @code{source} command take a journal file as an argument and parses -it checking for errors, no other reports are generated, and no other -arguments are necessary. Ledger will return success if no errors are -found. - -@node Debug Options, Pre-commands, source, Developer Commands -@subsection Debug Options - -These options are primarily for Ledger developers, but may be of some -use to a user trying something new. - - @option{--args-only} ignore init -files and environment variables for the ledger run. - -@option{--verify} enable additional assertions during run-time. This -causes a significant slowdown. When combined with @option{--debug} -ledger will produce memory trace information. - -@option{--debug "argument"} If Ledger has been built with debug options -this will provide extra data during the run. The following are the -available arguments to debug: - -@multitable @columnfractions .32 .43 .27 -@item @code{account.display} @tab @code{expr.calc.when} @tab @code{org.next_amount} -@item @code{accounts.sorted} @tab @code{expr.compile} @tab @code{org.next_total} -@item @code{amount.convert} @tab @code{filters.changed_value} @tab @code{parser.error} -@item @code{amount.is_zero} @tab @code{filters.changed_value.rounding} @tab @code{pool.commodities} -@item @code{amount.parse} @tab @code{filters.collapse} @tab @code{post.assign} -@item @code{amount.price} @tab @code{filters.forecast} @tab @code{python.init} -@item @code{amount.truncate} @tab @code{filters.revalued} @tab @code{python.interp} -@item @code{amount.unround} @tab @code{format.abbrev} @tab @code{query.mask} -@item @code{amounts.commodities} @tab @code{format.expr} @tab @code{report.predicate} -@item @code{amounts.refs} @tab @code{generate.post} @tab @code{scope.symbols} -@item @code{archive.journal} @tab @code{generate.post.string} @tab @code{textual.include} -@item @code{auto.columns} @tab @code{item.meta} @tab @code{textual.parse} -@item @code{budget.generate} @tab @code{ledger.read} @tab @code{timelog} -@item @code{commodity.annotated.strip} @tab @code{ledger.validate} @tab @code{times.epoch} -@item @code{commodity.annotations} @tab @code{lookup} @tab @code{times.interval} -@item @code{commodity.compare} @tab @code{lookup.account} @tab @code{times.parse} -@item @code{commodity.download} @tab @code{mask.match} @tab @code{value.sort} -@item @code{commodity.prices.add} @tab @code{memory.counts} @tab @code{value.storage.refcount} -@item @code{commodity.prices.find} @tab @code{memory.counts.live} @tab @code{xact.extend} -@item @code{convert.csv} @tab @code{memory.debug} @tab @code{xact.extend.cleared} -@item @code{csv.mappings} @tab @code{op.cons} @tab @code{xact.extend.fail} -@item @code{csv.parse} @tab @code{op.memory} @tab @code{xact.finalize} -@item @code{draft.xact} @tab @code{option.args} -@item @code{expr.calc} @tab @code{option.names} -@end multitable - -@option{--trace INTEGER_TRACE_LEVEL} -Enable tracing. The integer specifies the level of trace desired: -@multitable @columnfractions .3 .7 -@item @code{LOG_OFF} @tab 0 -@item @code{LOG_CRIT} @tab 1 -@item @code{LOG_FATAL} @tab 2 -@item @code{LOG_ASSERT} @tab 3 -@item @code{LOG_ERROR} @tab 4 -@item @code{LOG_VERIFY} @tab 5 -@item @code{LOG_WARN} @tab 6 -@item @code{LOG_INFO} @tab 7 -@item @code{LOG_EXCEPT} @tab 8 -@item @code{LOG_DEBUG} @tab 9 -@item @code{LOG_TRACE} @tab 10 -@item @code{LOG_ALL} @tab 11 -@end multitable - -@option{--verbose} -Print detailed information on the execution of Ledger. - -@option{--version} -Print version information and exit. - -@node Pre-commands, , Debug Options, Developer Commands -@subsection Pre-Commands -Pre-commands are useful when you aren't sure how a command or option -will work. -@table @code -@item args -evaluate the given arguments against the following model transaction: -@smallexample -2004/05/27 Book Store - ; This note applies to all postings. :SecondTag: - Expenses:Books 20 BOOK @@ $10 - ; Metadata: Some Value - ; Typed:: $100 + $200 - ; :ExampleTag: - ; Here follows a note describing the posting. - Liabilities:MasterCard $-200.00 -@end smallexample -@item eval -evaluate the given value expression against the model transaction -@item expr "LIMIT EXPRESSION" -Print details of how ledger parses the given limit expression and apply -it against a model transaction. -@item format "FORMATTING" -Print details of how ledger uses the given formatting description and -apply it against a model transaction. -@item generate -@item parse <VALUE EXPR> -Print details of how ledger uses the given value expression description -and apply it against a model transaction. -@item period -evaluate the given period and report how Ledger interprets it: -@smallexample -20:22:21 ~/ledger (next)> ledger period "this year" ---- Period expression tokens --- -TOK_THIS: this -TOK_YEAR: year -END_REACHED: <EOF> - ---- Before stabilization --- - range: in year 2011 - ---- After stabilization --- - range: in year 2011 - start: 11-Jan-01 - finish: 12-Jan-01 - ---- Sample dates in range (max. 20) --- - 1: 11-Jan-01 -@end smallexample -@item query -evaluate the given query and report how Ledger interprets it against the -model transaction: - -@smallexample -20:25:42 ~/ledger (next)> ledger query "/Book/" ---- Input arguments --- -("/Book/") - ---- Context is first posting of the following transaction --- -2004/05/27 Book Store - ; This note applies to all postings. :SecondTag: - Expenses:Books 20 BOOK @ $10 - ; Metadata: Some Value - ; Typed:: $100 + $200 - ; :ExampleTag: - ; Here follows a note describing the posting. - Liabilities:MasterCard $-200.00 - ---- Input expression --- -(account =~ /Book/) - ---- Text as parsed --- -(account =~ /Book/) - ---- Expression tree --- -0x7fd639c0da40 O_MATCH (1) -0x7fd639c10170 IDENT: account (1) -0x7fd639c10780 VALUE: /Book/ (1) - ---- Compiled tree --- -0x7fd639c10520 O_MATCH (1) -0x7fd639c0d6c0 IDENT: account (1) -0x7fd639c0d680 FUNCTION (1) -0x7fd639c10780 VALUE: /Book/ (1) - ---- Calculated value --- -true -@end smallexample -@item template -@end table @node Command-line Syntax, Budgeting and Forecasting, Reporting Commands, Top @chapter Command-line Syntax @@ -4844,11 +4651,12 @@ true @menu * Basic Usage:: +* Command Line Quick Reference:: * Detailed Options Description:: * Period Expressions:: @end menu -@node Basic Usage, Detailed Options Description, Command-line Syntax, Command-line Syntax +@node Basic Usage, Command Line Quick Reference, Command-line Syntax, Command-line Syntax @section Basic Usage This chapter describes Ledger's features and options. You may wish to @@ -4872,7 +4680,7 @@ meaning, described below. The regular expressions arguments always match the account name that a posting refers to. To match on the payee of the transaction instead, -precede the regular expression with @samp{payee} or @@. For example, the +precede the regular expression with @code{payee} or @@. For example, the following balance command reports account totals for rent, food and movies, but only those whose payee matches Freddie: @@ -4889,8 +4697,148 @@ There are many, many command options available with the However, none of them are required to use the basic reporting commands. +@node Command Line Quick Reference, Detailed Options Description, Basic Usage, Command-line Syntax +@section Command Line Quick Reference + +@menu +* Reporting Commands Quick Reference:: +* Basic Options Quick Reference:: +* Report Filtering Quick Reference:: +* Error Checking and Calculation Options:: +* Output Customization Quick Reference:: +* Grouping Options:: +* Commodity Reporting Quick Reference:: +@end menu + +@node Reporting Commands Quick Reference, Basic Options Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Reporting Commands +@multitable @columnfractions .2 .8 +@item @strong{Report} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{balance} @tab Show account balances +@item @code{register} @tab Show all transactions with running total +@item @code{csv} @tab Show transactions in csv format, for exporting to other programs +@item @code{print} @tab Print transaction in a ledger readable format +@item @code{xml} @tab Produce XML output of the register command +@item @code{emacs} @tab Produce Emacs lisp output +@item @code{equity} @tab Print account balances as transactions +@item @code{prices} @tab Print price history for matching commodities +@item @code{pricedb} @tab Print price history for matching commodities in ledger readable format +@item @code{xact} @tab Used to generate transactions based on previous postings +@end multitable + +@node Basic Options Quick Reference, Report Filtering Quick Reference, Reporting Commands Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Basic Options +@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 +@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{-h} @tab @code{--help} @tab prints summary of all options +@item @code{-v} @tab @code{--version} @tab prints version of ledger executable +@item @code{-f FILE} @tab @code{--file FILE} @tab read @file{FILE} as a ledger file +@item @code{-o FILE} @tab @code{--output FILE} @tab redirects output to @file{FILE} +@item @code{-i FILE} @tab @code{--init-file FILE} @tab specify options file +@item @code{-a NAME} @tab @code{--account NAME} @tab specify default account name for QIF file postings +@end multitable + +@node Report Filtering Quick Reference, Error Checking and Calculation Options, Basic Options Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Report Filtering +@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 +@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{-c} @tab @code{--current} @tab Display transaction on or before the current date +@item @code{-b DATE} @tab @code{--begin DATE} @tab Begin reports on or after @code{DATE} +@item @code{-e DATE} @tab @code{--end DATE} @tab Limits end date of transactions for report +@item @code{-p STR} @tab @code{--period} @tab Set report period to STR +@item @code{ } @tab @code{--period-sort} @tab Sort postings within each period +@item @code{-C} @tab @code{--cleared} @tab Display only cleared postings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--dc} @tab Display register or balance in debit/credit format +@item @code{-U} @tab @code{--uncleared} @tab Display only uncleared postings +@item @code{-R} @tab @code{--real} @tab Display only real postings +@item @code{-L} @tab @code{--actual} @tab Displays only actual postings, not automated +@item @code{-r} @tab @code{--related} @tab Display related postings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--budget} @tab Display how close your postings meet your budget +@item @code{} @tab @code{--add-budget} @tab Shows un-budgeted postings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--unbudgeted} @tab Shows only un-budgeted postings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--forecast} @tab Project balances into the future +@item @code{-l EXPR} @tab @code{--limit EXPR} @tab Limits postings in calculations +@item @code{-t EXPR} @tab @code{--amount} @tab Change value expression reported in register report +@item @code{-T EXPR} @tab @code{--total} @tab Change the value expression used for ``totals'' column in register and balance reports +@end multitable + +@node Error Checking and Calculation Options, Output Customization Quick Reference, Report Filtering Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Error Checking and Calculation Options + +@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 +@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{} @tab @code{--strict} @tab accounts, tags or commodities not previously declared will cause warnings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--pedantic} @tab accounts, tags or commodities not previously declared will cause errors +@item @code{} @tab @code{--check-payees} @tab enable strict and pedantic checking for payees as well as accounts, commodities and tags. +@item @code{} @tab @code{--immediate} @tab instructs ledger to evaluate calculations immediately rather than lazily +@end multitable + + +@node Output Customization Quick Reference, Grouping Options, Error Checking and Calculation Options, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Output Customization +@multitable @columnfractions .15 .4 .45 +@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{-n} @tab @code{--collapse} @tab Collapse transactions with multiple postings +@item @code{-s} @tab @code{--subtotal} @tab Report register as a single subtotal +@item @code{-P} @tab @code{--by-payee} @tab Report subtotals by payee +@item @code{-E} @tab @code{--empty} @tab Include empty accounts in report +@item @code{-W} @tab @code{--weekly} @tab Report posting totals by week +@item @code{-Y} @tab @code{--yearly} @tab Report posting totals by year +@item @code{} @tab @code{--dow} @tab report Posting totals by day of week +@item @code{-S EXPR} @tab @code{--sort EXPR} @tab Sorts a report using @code{EXPR} +@item @code{-w} @tab @code{--wide} @tab Assume 132 columns instead of 80 +@item @code{} @tab @code{--head N} @tab Report the first N postings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--tail N} @tab Report the last N postings +@item @code{} @tab @code{--pager PATH} @tab Direct output to @code{PATH} pager program +@item @code{-A} @tab @code{--average} @tab Reports average posting value +@item @code{-D} @tab @code{--deviation} @tab Reports each posting deviation from the average +@item @code{-%} @tab @code{--percent} @tab Show subtotals in the balance report as percentages +@c @item @code{} @tab @code{--totals} @tab Include running total in the @code{xml} report +@item @code{} @tab @code{--pivot TAG} @tab produce a pivot table of the tag type specified +@item @code{-j} @tab @code{--amount-data} @tab Show only date and value column to format the output for plots +@item @tab @code{--plot-amount-format STR} @tab specify the format for the plot output +@item @code{-J} @tab @code{--total-data} @tab Show only dates and totals to format the output for plots +@item @tab @code{--plot-total-format STR} @tab specify the format for the plot output +@item @code{-d EXPR} @tab @code{--display EXPR} @tab Display only posting that meet the criteris in the EXPR +@item @code{-y STR} @tab @code{--date-format STR} @tab Change the basic date format used in reports +@item @code{-F STR} @tab @code{--format STR} @tab Set reporting format +@item @code{} @tab @code{--balance-format STR} @tab +@item @code{} @tab @code{--register-format STR} @tab +@item @code{} @tab @code{--prices-format STR} @tab +@item @code{-w register} @tab @code{--wide-register-format STR} @tab +@item @code{} @tab @code{--anon} @tab Print the ledger register with anonymized accounts and payees, useful for filing bug reports +@end multitable + +@node Grouping Options, Commodity Reporting Quick Reference, Output Customization Quick Reference, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Grouping Options +@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 +@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{-P} @tab @code{--by-payee} @tab Group postings by common payee names +@item @code{-D} @tab @code{--daily} @tab Group postings by day +@item @code{-W} @tab @code{--weekly} @tab Group postings by week +@item @code{-M} @tab @code{--monthly} @tab Group postings by month +@item @code{} @tab @code{--quarterly} @tab Group postings by quarter +@item @code{-Y} @tab @code{--yearly} @tab Group postings by year +@item @code{} @tab @code{--dow} @tab Group by day of weeks +@item @code{-s} @tab @code{--subtotal} @tab Group posting together, similar to balance report +@end multitable + +@node Commodity Reporting Quick Reference, , Grouping Options, Command Line Quick Reference +@subsection Commodity Reporting -@node Detailed Options Description, Period Expressions, Basic Usage, Command-line Syntax +@multitable @columnfractions .1 .25 .65 +@item @strong{Short} @tab @strong{Long} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{} @tab @code{--price-db FILE} @tab Use @file{FILE} for retrieving stored commodity prices +@item @code{-L MINS} @tab @code{--price-exp MINS} @tab Set expected freshness of prices in minutes +@item @code{-Q} @tab @code{--download} @tab Download quotes using @code{getquote} +@item @code{} @tab @code{--getquote} @tab Sets path to a user defined script to download commodity prices. +@item @code{-O} @tab @code{--quantity} @tab Report commodity totals without conversion +@item @code{-B} @tab @code{--basis} @tab Report cost basis +@item @code{-V} @tab @code{--market} @tab Report last known market value +@item @code{-G} @tab @code{--gain} @tab Report net gain loss for commodities that have a price history +@end multitable + +@node Detailed Options Description, Period Expressions, Command Line Quick Reference, Command-line Syntax @section Detailed Option Description @menu @@ -4898,7 +4846,6 @@ commands. * Session Options:: * Report Options:: * Report Filtering:: -* Search Terms:: * Output Customization:: * Commodity Reporting:: * Environment Variables:: @@ -4914,58 +4861,60 @@ GUIs, which would make use of the different scopes by keeping an instance of Ledger running in the background and running multiple sessions with multiple reports per session. - -@option{--args-only} Ignore all environment and init-file settings and +@table @code +@item --args-only +Ignore all environment and init-file settings and use only command-line arguments to control Ledger. Useful for debugs or testing small Journal files not associated with you main financial database. - -@option{--help} +@item --help Displays the info page for ledger. -@option{--init-file <PATH>} -Specifies the location of the init file @file{.ledgerrc} +@item --init-file <PATH> +Specifies the location of the init file. The default is @file{~/.ledgerrc} -@option{--options} Display the options in effect for this Ledger -invocation, along with their values and the source of those values, for -example: +@item --options + Display the options in effect for this Ledger invocation, along with +their values and the source of those values, for example: @smallexample 14:15:02 > ledger --options bal --cleared -f ~/ledger/test/input/drewr3.dat =============================================================================== [Global scope options] [Session scope options] - --file = ~/ledger/test/input/drewr3.dat -f - --price-db = ~/FinanceData/PriceDB $price-db + --file = ~/ledger/test/input/drewr3.dat -f + --price-db = ~/FinanceData/PriceDB $price-db [Report scope options] - --cleared --cleared - --color ?normalize - --date-format = %Y/%m/%d $date-format - --limit = cleared --cleared - --prepend-width = 0 ?normalize - --meta-width = 0 ?normalize - --date-width = 10 ?normalize - --payee-width = 21 ?normalize - --account-width = 21 ?normalize - --amount-width = 12 ?normalize - --total-width = 12 ?normalize + --cleared --cleared + --color ?normalize + --date-format = %Y/%m/%d $date-format + --limit = cleared --cleared + --prepend-width = 0 ?normalize + --meta-width = 0 ?normalize + --date-width = 10 ?normalize + --payee-width = 21 ?normalize + --account-width = 21 ?normalize + --amount-width = 12 ?normalize + --total-width = 12 ?normalize =============================================================================== $ 775.00 Assets:Checking $ -1,000.00 Equity:Opening Balances $ 225.00 Expenses:Food:Groceries -------------------- 0 - @end smallexample -@noindent For the `source' column, a value starting with a `@code{-}' or -`@code{--}' indicated the source was a command line argument. It the -entry starts with a `@code{$}', the source was an environment -variable. If the source is `@code{?normalize}' the value was set +@noindent For the source column, a value starting with a @code{-} or +@code{--} indicated the source was a command line argument. It the +entry starts with a @code{$}, the source was an environment +variable. If the source is @code{?normalize} the value was set internally by ledger, in a function called @code{normalize_options}. -@option{--script <PATH>} Execute a ledger script. +@item --script <PATH> +Execute a ledger script. +@end table + @node Session Options, Report Options, Global Options, Detailed Options Description @subsection Session Options @@ -4976,22 +4925,26 @@ GUIs, which would make use of the different scopes by keeping an instance of Ledger running in the background and running multiple sessions with multiple reports per session. -@option{--decimal-comma} Direct Ledger to parse journals using the -European standard comma as decimal separator, vice a period. +@table @code +@item --decimal-comma +Direct Ledger to parse journals using the European standard comma as +decimal separator, vice a period. -@option{--download} Direct Ledger to download prices using the script -defined in @code{--getquote}. +@item --download +Direct Ledger to download prices using the script defined in +@code{--getquote}. -@option{--file <PATH>} +@item --file <PATH> Specify the input file path for this invocation. @cindex getquote @cindex download prices -@option{--getquote <PATH>} Tells ledger where to find the user defined -script to download prices information. +@item --getquote <PATH> +Tells ledger where to find the user defined script to download prices +information. -@option{--input-date-format <DATE-FORMAT>} Specify the input date format -for journal entries. For example, +@item --input-date-format <DATE-FORMAT> +Specify the input date format for journal entries. For example, @smallexample ledger convert Export.csv --input-date-format "%m/%d/%Y" @end smallexample @@ -5000,8 +4953,8 @@ Would convert the @file{Export.csv} file to ledger format, assuming the the dates in the CSV file are like 12/23/2009 (@pxref{Date and Time Format Codes}). -@option{--master-account <ARGUMENT>} Prepends all account names with the -argument. +@item --master-account <STRING> +Prepends all account names with the argument. @smallexample 21:51:39 ~/ledger (next)> ledger -f test/input/drewr3.dat bal --master-account HUMBUG 0 HUMBUG @@ -5026,23 +4979,24 @@ argument. $ 200.00 Mortgage:Principal @end smallexample -@option{--price-db <PATH>} Specify the location of the price entry data -file. - -@option{--price-exp INTEGER_MINUTES} Set the expected freshness of price -quotes, in minutes. That is, if the last known quote for any commodity -is older than this value, and if ‘--download’ is being used, then the -Internet will be consulted again for a newer price. Otherwise, the old -price is still considered to be fresh enough. +@item --price-db <PATH> +Specify the location of the price entry data file. -@option{--strict} Ledger normally silently accepts any account or -commodity in a posting, even if you have misspelled a common used one. -The option @code{--strict} changes that behavior. While running -@code{--strict}, Ledger interprets all cleared transactions as correct, -and if it finds a new account or commodity (same as a misspelled -commodity or account) it will issue a warning giving you the file and -line number of the problem. +@item --price-exp INTEGER_MINUTES +Set the expected freshness of price quotes, in minutes. That is, if the +last known quote for any commodity is older than this value, and if +@code{--download} is being used, then the Internet will be consulted again +for a newer price. Otherwise, the old price is still considered to be +fresh enough. +@item --strict +Ledger normally silently accepts any account or commodity in a posting, +even if you have misspelled a common used one. The option +@code{--strict} changes that behavior. While running @code{--strict}, +Ledger interprets all cleared transactions as correct, and if it finds a +new account or commodity (same as a misspelled commodity or account) it +will issue a warning giving you the file and line number of the problem. +@end table @node Report Options, Report Filtering, Session Options, Detailed Options Description @subsection Report Options Options for Ledger report affect three separate scopes of operation: @@ -5051,48 +5005,61 @@ difference between these scopes. Ledger 3.0 contains provisions for GUIs, which would make use of the different scopes by keeping an instance of Ledger running in the background and running multiple sessions with multiple reports per session. -@option{--abbrev-len <INT>} Sets the minimum + +@table @code +@item --abbrev-len <INT> +Sets the minimum length an account can be abbreviated to if it doesn't fit inside the @code{account-width}. If @code{abbrev-len} is zero, then the account name will be truncated on the right. If @code{abbrev-len} is greater than @code{account-width} then the account will be truncated on the left, with no shortening of the account names in order to fit into the desired width. - -@option{--account <STR>} Prepend @code{<STR>} to all accounts +@item --account <STR> +Prepend @code{<STR>} to all accounts reported. That is, the option @code{--account Personal} would tack @code{Personal:} to the beginning of every account reported in a balance report or register report. -@option{--account-width <INT>} Set the width of the account column in +@item --account-width <INT> + Set the width of the account column in the @code{register} report to @code{N} characters. -@option{--actual-dates} Show actual dates of transactions +@item --actual-dates + Show actual dates of transactions (@pxref{Effective Dates}). Also @code{-L}. -@option{--actual} Report only real transactions, with no automated or +@item --actual + Report only real transactions, with no automated or virtual transactions used. -@option{--add-budget} Show only unbudgeted postings. +@item --add-budget + Show only unbudgeted postings. -@option{--amount-data} On a register report print only the dates and +@item --amount-data + On a register report print only the dates and amount of postings. Useful for graphing and spreadsheet applications. -@option{--amount <EXPR>} Apply the given value expression to the posting +@item --amount <EXPR> + Apply the given value expression to the posting amount (@pxref{Value Expressions}). Using @code{--amount} you can apply an arbitrary transformation to the postings. -@option{--amount-width <INT>} Set the width in characters of the amount +@item --amount-width <INT> + Set the width in characters of the amount column in the register report. -@option{--anon} anonymizes registry output, mostly for sending in bug +@item --anon + anonymizes registry output, mostly for sending in bug reports. -@option{--average} Print average values over the number of transactions +@item --average + Print average values over the number of transactions instead of running totals. -@option{--balance-format <STR>} specifies the format to use for the +@item --balance-format <STR> + specifies the format to use for the @code{balance} report (@pxref{Format Strings}). The default is: @smallexample "%(justify(scrub(display_total), 20, -1, true, color))" @@ -5102,14 +5069,18 @@ instead of running totals. "--------------------\n" @end smallexample -@option{--base} ASK JOHN +@item --base + ASK JOHN -@option{--basis} Report the cost basis on all posting +@item --basis + Report the cost basis on all posting -@option{--begin <DATE>} Specify the start date of all calculations. +@item --begin <DATE> + Specify the start date of all calculations. Transactions before that date will be ignored. -@option{--bold-if <EXPR>} print the entire line in bold if the given +@item --bold-if <EXPR> + print the entire line in bold if the given value expression is true (@pxref{Value Expressions}). @smallexample @@ -5117,7 +5088,8 @@ ledger reg Expenses --begin Dec --bold-if "amount > 100" @end smallexample @noindent list all transactions since the beginning of December and bold any posting greater than $100 -@option{--budget-format <FORMAT_STRING>} +@item --budget-format <FORMAT_STRING> + specifies the format to use for the @code{budget} report (@pxref{Format Strings}). The default is: @smallexample "%(justify(scrub(display_total), 20, -1, true, color))" @@ -5127,14 +5099,17 @@ specifies the format to use for the @code{budget} report (@pxref{Format Strings} "--------------------\n" @end smallexample -@option{--budget} only display budgeted items. In a register report this +@item --budget + only display budgeted items. In a register report this displays transaction in the budget, in a balance report this displays accounts in the budget (@pxref{Budgeting and Forecasting}). -@option{--by-payee <REGEXP>} +@item --by-payee <REGEXP> + group the register report by payee. -@option{--cleared-format <FORMAT_STRING>} specifies the format to use +@item --cleared-format <FORMAT_STRING> + specifies the format to use for the @code{cleared} report (@pxref{Format Strings}). The default is: @smallexample @@ -5149,25 +5124,32 @@ for the @code{cleared} report (@pxref{Format Strings}). The default is: "---------------- ---------------- ---------\n" @end smallexample -@option{--cleared} consider only transaction that have been cleared for +@item --cleared + consider only transaction that have been cleared for display and calculation. -@option{--collapse} By default ledger prints all account in an account +@item --collapse + By default ledger prints all account in an account tree. With @code{--collapse} it print only the top level account specified. -@option{--collapse-if-zero} Collapses the account display only if it has +@item --collapse-if-zero + Collapses the account display only if it has a zero balance. -@option{--color} use color is the tty supports it. +@item --color + use color is the tty supports it. -@option{--columns <INT>} specify the width of the register report in +@item --columns <INT> + specify the width of the register report in characters. -@option{--count} Direct ledger to report the number of items when +@item --count + Direct ledger to report the number of items when appended to the commodities, accounts or payees command. -@option{--csv-format} specifies the format to use for the @code{csv} +@item --csv-format + specifies the format to use for the @code{csv} report (@pxref{Format Strings}). The default is: @smallexample "%(quoted(date))," @@ -5179,26 +5161,33 @@ report (@pxref{Format Strings}). The default is: "%(quoted(cleared ? \"*\" : (pending ? \"!\" : \"\")))," "%(quoted(join(note | xact.note)))\n" @end smallexample -@option{--current} +@item --current + Shorthand for @code{--limit "date <= today"} -@option{--daily} +@item --daily + Shorthand for @code{--period "daily"} -@option{--date-format <DATE-FORMAT>} specifies format ledger should use +@item --date-format <DATE-FORMAT> + specifies format ledger should use to print dates (@pxref{Date and Time Format Codes}). -@option{--date <EXPR>} transforms the date of the transaction using +@item --date <EXPR> + transforms the date of the transaction using @code{EXPR} -@option{--date-width <INT>} specifies the width, in characters, of the +@item --date-width <INT> + specifies the width, in characters, of the date column in the register report. -@option{--datetime-format} +@item --datetime-format + ASK JOHN -@option{--dc} Display register or balance in debit/credit format -If you use @samp{--dc} with either the register (reg) or balance (bal) commands, you +@item --dc + Display register or balance in debit/credit format +If you use @code{--dc} with either the register (reg) or balance (bal) commands, you will now get extra columns. The register goes from this: @smallexample 12-Mar-10 Employer Assets:Cash $100 $100 @@ -5227,7 +5216,7 @@ will now get extra columns. The register goes from this: @noindent Where the first column is debits, the second is credits, and the third is the running total. Only the running total may contain negative values. -For the balance report without @samp{--dc}: +For the balance report without @code{--dc}: @smallexample $70 Assets:Cash @@ -5237,7 +5226,7 @@ For the balance report without @samp{--dc}: 0 @end smallexample -@noindent And with @samp{--dc} it becomes this: +@noindent And with @code{--dc} it becomes this: @smallexample $105 $35 $70 Assets:Cash @@ -5248,81 +5237,102 @@ For the balance report without @samp{--dc}: @end smallexample -@option{--depth <INT>} limit the depth of the account tree. In a balance -report, for example, a @code{--depth 2} statement will print balances -only for account with two levels, i.e. @code{Expenses:Entertainment} but -not @code{Expenses:entertainemnt:Dining}. This is a display predicate, -which means it only affects display, not the total calculations. +@item --depth <INT> + limit the depth of the account tree. In a balance report, for example, +a @code{--depth 2} statement will print balances only for account with +two levels, i.e. @code{Expenses:Entertainment} but not +@code{Expenses:entertainemnt:Dining}. This is a display predicate, which +means it only affects display, not the total calculations. -@option{--deviation} reports each posting’s deviation from the - average. It is only mean- ingful in the register and prices reports. +@item --deviation + reports each posting’s deviation from the average. It is only + meaningful in the register and prices reports. -@option{--display-amount <EXPR>} apply a transform to the +@item --display-amount <EXPR> + apply a transform to the @strong{displayed} amount. This occurs after calculations occur. -@option{--display <BOOLEAN_EXPR>} +@item --display <BOOLEAN_EXPR> + display lines that satisfy the expression given. -@option{--display-total <EXPR>} apply a transform to the +@item --display-total <EXPR> + apply a transform to the @strong{displayed} total. This occurs after calculations occur. -@option{--dow} +@item --dow + group transactions by the day of the week. @smallexample ledger reg Expenses --dow --collapse @end smallexample @noindent will print all Expenses totalled for each day of the week. -@option{--effective} +@item --effective + use effective dates for all calculations (@pxref{Effective Dates}). -@option{--empty} +@item --empty + include empty accounts in the report. -@option{--end <DATE>} +@item --end <DATE> + specify the end date for transaction to be considered in the report. -@option{--equity} related to the @code{equity} command (@pxref{The +@item --equity + related to the @code{equity} command (@pxref{The equity Command}). Gives current account balances in the form of a register report. -@option{--exact} +@item --exact + ASK JOHN -@option{--exchange <COMMODITY>} display values in terms of the given +@item --exchange <COMMODITY> + display values in terms of the given commodity. The latest available price is used. -@option{--flat} force the full names of accounts to be used inthe +@item --flat + force the full names of accounts to be used in the balance report. The balance report will not use an indented tree. -@option{--force-color} output tty color codes even if the tty doesn't -support them. Ueful for TTY that don't advertise their capabilities +@item --force-color + output tty color codes even if the tty doesn't +support them. Useful for TTY that don't advertise their capabilities correctly. -@option{--force-pager} +@item --force-pager + force Ledger to paginate its output. -@option{forecast-while} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --forecast-while <VEXPR> +Continue forecasting while @code{<VEXPR>} is true. -@option{forecast-years} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --forecast-years <INT> +Forecast at most @code{N} years in the future. + +@item --format <FORMAT STRING> -@option{--format <FORMAT STRING>} use the given format string to print output. -@option{--gain} -report on gains using the latest available prices . +@item --gain -@option{generated} -ASK JOHN +report on gains using the latest available prices. + +@item --generated +Include auto-generated postings (such as those from automated transactions) +in the report, in cases where you normally wouldn't want +them. -@option{--group-by <EXPR>} group transaction together in the register -report. EXPR can be anything, although most common would be -@code{"payee"} or @code{"commodity"}. The @code{tags()} function is +@item --group-by <EXPR> + group transaction together in the register +report. @code{EXPR} can be anything, although most common would be +@code{payee} or @code{commodity}. The @code{tags()} function is also useful here. -@option{--group-title-format} sets the format for the headers that +@item --group-title-format + sets the format for the headers that separate reports section of a grouped report. Only has effect with a @code{--group-by} register report. @smallexample @@ -5339,200 +5349,285 @@ ledger reg Expenses --group-by "payee" --group-title-format "------------------- @end smallexample -@option{--head <INT>} -Print the first INT entries. Opposite of @code{--tail}. +@item --head <INT> + +Print the first @code{INT} entries. Opposite of @code{--tail}. + +@item --inject +Use @code{Expected} amounts in calculations. In the case that you know +that amount a transaction should be, but the actual transaction has the +wrong value you can use metadata to put in the expected amount: +@smallexample +2012-03-12 Paycheck + Income $-990; Expected:: $-1000.00 + Checking +@end smallexample -@option{--inject} -See email from John W. +Then using the command @code{ledger reg --inject=Expected Income} would +treat the transaction as if the ``Expected Value'' was actual. +@item --invert -@option{--invert} Change the sign of all reported values. -@option{--limit <EXPR>} Only transactions that satisfy the expression -will be considered in the calculation. +@item --limit <EXPR> + Only transactions that satisfy the expression will be considered in the +calculation. -@option{--lot-dates} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --lot-dates +Report the date on which each commodity in a balance report was purchased. -@option{--lot-prices} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --lot-prices -@option{--lot-tags} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Report the price at which each commodity in a balance report was purchased. -@option{--lots-actual} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --lot-tags -@option{--lots} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Report the tag attached to each commodity in a balance report. -@option{market} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --lots-actual -@option{meta} FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{meta-width} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --lots -@option{--monthly} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Report the date and price at which each commodity was purchased in a balance report. + +@item --market + +Use the latest market value for all commodities. + +@item --meta <TAG> + +In the register report, prepend the transaction with the value of the given tag. + +@item --meta-width + +Specify the width of the Meta column used for the @code{--meta} options. + +@item --monthly + +synonym for @code{--period "monthly"} + +@item --no-color -@option{--no-color} suppress any color TTY output. -@option{--no-rounding} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --no-rounding +Don't output <Rounding> postings. Note that this will cause the running total +to often not add up! It's main use is for @code{-j} and @code{-J} reports. -@option{--no-titles} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --no-titles -@option{--no-total} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Suppress the output of group titles -@option{--now} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --no-total -@option{only} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Suppress printing the final total line in a balance report. -@option{--output} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --now +Define the current date in case to you to do calculate in the past or +future using @code{--current} -@option{--pager} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --only -@option{payee} -FIX THIS ENTRY +This is a postings predicate that applies after certain transforms have +been executed, such as periodic gathering. -@option{payee-width} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --output <PATH> +Redirect the output of ledger to the file defined in @file{PATH}. -@option{--pending} -Use only postings tht are marked pending +@item --pager -@option{percent} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Specify the pager program to use. -@option{period} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --payee <VEXPR> -@option{--pivot} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Sets a value expression for formatting the payee. In the register report +this prevents the second entry from having a date and payee for each +transaction -@option{plot-amount-format} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --payee-width N -@option{plot-total-format} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Set the number of columns dedicated to the payee in the register report. -@option{prepend-format} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --pending -@option{prepend-width} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Use only postings that are marked pending -@option{pricedb-format} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --percent +Calculate the percentage value of each account in a balance reports. +Only works for account that have a single commodity. -@option{price} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --period <PERIOD EXPRESSION> -@option{prices-format} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Define a period expression the sets the time period during which +transactions are to be accounted. For a register report only the +transactions that satisfy the period expression with be displayed. For +a balance report only those transactions will be accounted in the final +balances. -@option{quantity} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --pivot <VALUED TAG> -@option{--quarterly} -FIX THIS ENTRY +Produce a balance pivot report ``around'' the given tag. For example, +if you have multiple cars and track each fuel purchase in +@code{Expenses:Auto:Fuel} and tag each fuel purchase with a tag +identifying which car the purchase was for @code{; Car: Prius}, then the command: +@smallexample +ledger bal Fuel --pivot "Car" --period "this year" + $ 3491.26 Car + $ 1084.22 M3:Expenses:Auto:Fuel + $ 149.65 MG V11:Expenses:Auto:Fuel + $ 621.89 Prius:Expenses:Auto:Fuel + $ 1635.50 Sienna:Expenses:Auto:Fuel + $ 42.69 Expenses:Auto:Fuel +-------------------- + $ 3533.95 +@end smallexample -@option{raw} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@xref{Metadata values}. +@item --plot-amount-format -@option{--real} Account using only real transactions ignoring virtual -and automatic transactions. +Define the output format for a amount data plot. @xref{Visualizing with Gnuplot}. -@option{register-format} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --plot-total-format + +Define the output format for a total data plot. @xref{Visualizing with Gnuplot}. + +@item --prepend-format STR + +Prepend STR to every line of the output + +@item --prepend-width N + +Reserve @code{N} spaces at the beginning of each line of the output -@option{related-all} -FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{--related} -In a register report show the related account. +@item --price +use the price of the commodity purchase for performing calculations + +@item --quantity -@option{--revalued-only} FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{--revalued-total} +@item --quarterly + +Synonym for @code{--period "quarterly"}. + +@item --raw + +In the print report, show transactions using the exact same syntax as +specified by the user in their data file. Don't do any massaging or +interpreting. Can be useful for minor cleanups, like just aligning +amounts. + +@item --real +Account using only real transactions ignoring virtual and automatic +transactions. + + +@item --related-all + +Show all postings in a transaction, similar to @code{--related} but show +both ``sides'' of each transaction. + +@item --related + +In a register report show the related account. This is the other +``side'' of the transaction. + +@item --revalued-only + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{--revalued} +@item --revalued-total + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{seed} +@item --revalued + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{sort-all} +@item --seed + +Sets the random seed for the @code{generate} command. Used as part of development testing. + +@item --sort-all + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{--sort <VEXPR>} +@item --sort <VEXPR> + Sort the register report based on the value expression given to sort -@option{--sort-xacts} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --sort-xacts <VEXPR> -@option{--start-of-week <INT>} Tell ledger to use a particular day of -the week to start its ``weekly'' summary. @code{--start-of-week=1} -specifies Monday as the start of the week. +Sort the posting within transactions using the given value expression -@option{--subtotal} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --start-of-week <INT> +Tell ledger to use a particular day of the week to start its ``weekly'' +summary. @code{--start-of-week=1} specifies Monday as the start of the +week. -@option{--tail <INT>} -report only the last <INT> entries. Only useful ona register report. +@item --subtotal -@option{total-data} FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{total} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --tail <INT> -@option{total-width} -FIX THIS ENTRY +report only the last @code{INT} entries. Only useful on a register report. -@option{truncate} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --total-data -@option{unbudgeted} FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{uncleared} -FIX THIS ENTRY +@item --total <VEXPR> +Define a value expression used to calculate the total in reports. + +@item --total-width +Set the width of the total field in the register report. + +@item --truncate +Indicates how truncation should happen when the contents of columns +exceed their width. Valid arguments are @code{leading}, @code{middle}, +and @code{trailing}. The default is smarter than any of these three, as +it considers sub-names within the account name (that style is called +``abbreviate''). + +@item --unbudgeted -@option{unrealized-gains} FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{unrealized-losses} +@item --uncleared + +Use only uncleared transactions in calculations and reports. + +@item --unrealized-gains + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{unrealized} +@item --unrealized-losses + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{unround} +@item --unrealized + FIX THIS ENTRY -@option{--weekly} -synonymn for @code{--period "weekly"} +@item --unround +Perform all calculations without rounding and display results to full precision. + +@item --weekly -@option{--wide} lets the register report use 132 columns. Identical to -@code{--columns "132"} +synonym for @code{--period "weekly"} -@option{yearly} -synonymn for @code{--period "yearly"} +@item --wide +lets the register report use 132 columns. Identical to @code{--columns +"132"} +@item --yearly +synonym for @code{--period "yearly"} +@end table @@ -5542,29 +5637,37 @@ These are the most basic command options. Most likely, the user will want to set them using environment variables (see @ref{Environment Variables}), instead of using actual command-line options: -@option{--help} (@option{-h}) prints a summary of all the options, and -what they are used for. This can be a handy way to remember which -options do what. This help screen is also printed if ledger is run -without a command. - -@option{--version} (@option{-v}) prints the current version of ledger -and exits. This is useful for sending bug reports, to let the author -know which version of ledger you are using. - -@option{--file FILE} (@option{-f FILE}) reads FILE as a ledger file. -This command may be used multiple times. -Typically, the environment variable -@env{LEDGER_FILE} is set, rather than using this command-line option. - -@option{--output FILE} (@option{-o FILE}) redirects output from any -command to @var{FILE}. By default, all output goes to standard -output. - -@option{--init-file FILE} (@option{-i FILE}) causes FILE to be read by -ledger before any other ledger file. This file may not contain any -postings, but it may contain option settings. To specify options -in the init file, use the same syntax as the command-line, but put each -option on it's own line. Here's an example init file: +@table @code +@item --help +@item -h +Prints a summary of all the options, and what they are used for. This +can be a handy way to remember which options do what. This help screen +is also printed if ledger is run without a command. + +@item --version +@item -v +prints the current version of ledger and exits. This is useful for +sending bug reports, to let the author know which version of ledger you +are using. + +@item --file FILE +@item -f FILE +reads FILE as a ledger file. This command may be used multiple times. +Typically, the environment variable @env{LEDGER_FILE} is set, rather +than using this command-line option. + +@item --output FILE +@item -o FILE +redirects output from any command to @var{FILE}. By default, all output +goes to standard output. + +@item --init-file FILE +@item -i FILE +causes @code{FILE} to be read by ledger before any other ledger file. This +file may not contain any postings, but it may contain option settings. +To specify options in the init file, use the same syntax as the +command-line, but put each option on it's own line. Here's an example +init file: @smallexample --price-db ~/finance/.pricedb @@ -5576,68 +5679,83 @@ Option settings on the command-line or in the environment always take precedence over settings in the init file. -@option{--account NAME} (@option{-a NAME}) specifies the default -account which QIF file postings are assumed to relate to. +@item --account NAME +@item -a NAME +specifies the default account which QIF file postings are assumed to +relate to. +@end table -@node Report Filtering, Search Terms, Report Options, Detailed Options Description +@node Report Filtering, Output Customization, Report Options, Detailed Options Description @subsection Report filtering These options change which postings affect the outcome of a report, in ways other than just using regular expressions: -@option{--current}(@option{-c}) displays only transactions occurring on or -before the current date. - -@option{--begin DATE} (@option{-b DATE}) constrains the report to -transactions on or after @var{DATE}. Only transactions after that date will be -calculated, which means that the running total in the balance report -will always start at zero with the first matching transaction. (Note: This -is different from using @option{--display} to constrain what is -displayed). - -@option{--end DATE} (@option{-e DATE}) constrains the report so that -transactions on or after @var{DATE} are not considered. The ending date -is inclusive. - -@option{--period STR} (@option{-p STR}) sets the reporting period -to @var{STR}. This will subtotal all matching transactions within each -period separately, making it easy to see weekly, monthly, quarterly, -etc., posting totals. A period string can even specify the -beginning and end of the report range, using simple terms like ``last -June'' or ``next month''. For more using period expressions, see -@ref{Period Expressions}. - -@option{--period-sort EXPR} sorts the postings within each -reporting period using the value expression @var{EXPR}. This is most -often useful when reporting monthly expenses, in order to view the -highest expense categories at the top of each month: +@table @code +@item --current +@item -c +displays only transactions occurring on or before the current date. + +@item --begin DATE +@item -b DATE +constrains the report to transactions on or after @var{DATE}. Only +transactions after that date will be calculated, which means that the +running total in the balance report will always start at zero with the +first matching transaction. (Note: This is different from using +@code{--display} to constrain what is displayed). + +@item --end DATE +@item -e DATE +constrains the report so that transactions on or after @var{DATE} are +not considered. The ending date is inclusive. + +@item --period STR +@item -p STR +sets the reporting period to @var{STR}. This will subtotal all matching +transactions within each period separately, making it easy to see +weekly, monthly, quarterly, etc., posting totals. A period string can +even specify the beginning and end of the report range, using simple +terms like ``last June'' or ``next month''. For more using period +expressions, see @ref{Period Expressions}. + +@item --period-sort EXPR +sorts the postings within each reporting period using the value +expression @var{EXPR}. This is most often useful when reporting monthly +expenses, in order to view the highest expense categories at the top of +each month: @smallexample ledger -M --period-sort -At reg ^Expenses @end smallexample -@option{--cleared} (@option{-C}) displays only postings whose transaction -has been marked ``cleared'' (by placing an asterisk to the right of the -date). +@item --cleared +@item -C + displays only postings whose transaction has been marked ``cleared'' +(by placing an asterisk to the right of the date). -@option{--uncleared} (@option{-U}) displays only postings whose -transaction has not been marked ``cleared'' (i.e., if there is no asterisk to -the right of the date). +@item --uncleared +@item -U +displays only postings whose transaction has not been marked ``cleared'' +(i.e., if there is no asterisk to the right of the date). -@option{--real} (@option{-R}) displays only real postings, not virtual. -(A virtual posting is indicated by surrounding the account name with -parentheses or brackets; see @ref{Virtual postings} for more -information). +@item --real +@item -R + displays only real postings, not virtual. (A virtual posting is +indicated by surrounding the account name with parentheses or brackets; +see @ref{Virtual postings} for more information). -@option{--actual} (@option{-L}) displays only actual postings, and -not those created due to automated postings. +@item --actual +@item -L +displays only actual postings, and not those created due to automated +postings. -@option{--related} (@option{-r}) displays postings that are -related to whichever postings would otherwise have matched the -filtering criteria. In the register report, this shows where money -went to, or the account it came from. In the balance report, it shows -all the accounts affected by transactions having a related posting. -For example, if a file had this transaction: +@item --related +@item -r +displays postings that are related to whichever postings would otherwise +have matched the filtering criteria. In the register report, this shows +where money went to, or the account it came from. In the balance +report, it shows all the accounts affected by transactions having a +related posting. For example, if a file had this transaction: @smallexample 2004/03/20 Safeway @@ -5660,154 +5778,184 @@ posting that matched: Assets:Checking $85.00 $65.00 @end smallexample -@option{--budget} is useful for displaying how close your postings -meet your budget. @option{--add-budget} also shows un-budgeted -postings, while @option{--unbudgeted} shows only those. -@option{--forecast} is a related option that projects your budget into -the future, showing how it will affect future balances. -@xref{Budgeting and Forecasting}. +@item --budget +is useful for displaying how close your postings meet your budget. +@code{--add-budget} also shows un-budgeted postings, while +@code{--unbudgeted} shows only those. @code{--forecast} is a related +option that projects your budget into the future, showing how it will +affect future balances. @xref{Budgeting and Forecasting}. -@option{--limit EXPR} (@option{-l EXPR}) limits which postings -take part in the calculations of a report. +@item --limit EXPR +@item -l EXPR +limits which postings take part in the calculations of a report. -@option{--amount EXPR} (@option{-t EXPR}) changes the value expression -used to calculate the ``value'' column in the @command{register} -report, the amount used to calculate account totals in the -@command{balance} report, and the values printed in the +@item --amount EXPR +@item -t EXPR +changes the value expression used to calculate the ``value'' column in +the @command{register} report, the amount used to calculate account +totals in the @command{balance} report, and the values printed in the @command{equity} report. @xref{Value Expressions}. -@option{--total EXPR} (@option{-T EXPR}) sets the value expression -used for the ``totals'' column in the @command{register} and -@command{balance} reports. - -@node Search Terms, Output Customization, Report Filtering, Detailed Options Description -@subsection Search Terms - -Valid Ledger invocations look like: -@smallexample - ledger [OPTIONS] <COMMAND> <SEARCH-TERMS> -@end smallexample - -Where @samp{COMMAND} is any command verb (@pxref{Reporting Commands}), @samp{OPTIONS} can occur -anywhere, and @samp{SEARCH-TERM} is one or more of the following: - -@smallexample - word search for any account containing 'word' - TERM and TERM boolean AND between terms - TERM or TERM boolean OR between terms - not TERM invert the meaning of the term - payee word search for any payee containing 'word' - @@word shorthand for 'payee word' - desc word alternate for 'payee word' - note word search for any note containing 'word' - &word shorthand for 'note word' - tag word search for any metadata tag containing 'word' - tag word=value search for any metadata tag containing 'word' - whose value contains 'value' - %word shorthand for 'tag word' - %word=value shorthand for 'tag word=value' - meta word alternate for 'tag word' - meta word=value alternate for 'tag word=value' - expr 'EXPR' apply the given value expression as a predicate - '=EXPR' shorthand for 'expr EXPR' - \( TERMS \) group terms; useful if using and/or/not -@end smallexample - -So, to list all transaction that charged to ``food'' but not ``dining'' for any payee other than ``chang'' the following three commands would be equivalent: - -@smallexample - ledger reg food not dining @@chang - ledger reg food and not dining and not payee chang - ledger reg food not dining expr 'payee =~ /chang/' -@end smallexample - -@node Output Customization, Commodity Reporting, Search Terms, Detailed Options Description +@item --total EXPR +@item -T EXPR +sets the value expression used for the ``totals'' column in the +@command{register} and @command{balance} reports. +@end table +@c @node Search Terms, Output Customization, Report Filtering, Detailed Options Description +@c @subsection Search Terms + +@c Valid Ledger invocations look like: +@c @smallexample +@c ledger [OPTIONS] <COMMAND> <SEARCH-TERMS> +@c @end smallexample + +@c Where @code{COMMAND} is any command verb (@pxref{Reporting Commands}), @code{OPTIONS} can occur +@c anywhere, and @code{SEARCH-TERM} is one or more of the following: + +@c @smallexample +@c word search for any account containing 'word' +@c TERM and TERM boolean AND between terms +@c TERM or TERM boolean OR between terms +@c not TERM invert the meaning of the term +@c payee word search for any payee containing 'word' +@c @@word shorthand for 'payee word' +@c desc word alternate for 'payee word' +@c note word search for any note containing 'word' +@c &word shorthand for 'note word' +@c tag word search for any metadata tag containing 'word' +@c tag word=value search for any metadata tag containing 'word' +@c whose value contains 'value' +@c %word shorthand for 'tag word' +@c %word=value shorthand for 'tag word=value' +@c meta word alternate for 'tag word' +@c meta word=value alternate for 'tag word=value' +@c expr 'EXPR' apply the given value expression as a predicate +@c '=EXPR' shorthand for 'expr EXPR' +@c \( TERMS \) group terms; useful if using and/or/not +@c @end smallexample + +@c So, to list all transaction that charged to ``food'' but not ``dining'' +@c for any payee other than ``chang'' the following three commands would be +@c equivalent: + +@c @smallexample +@c ledger reg food not dining @@chang +@c ledger reg food and not dining and not payee chang +@c ledger reg food not dining expr 'payee =~ /chang/' +@c @end smallexample + +@node Output Customization, Commodity Reporting, Report Filtering, Detailed Options Description @subsection Output Customization These options affect only the output, but not which postings are used to create it: -@option{--collapse} (@option{-n}) causes transactions in a -@command{register} report with multiple postings to be collapsed +@table @code +@item --collapse +@item -n +causes transactions in a @command{register} report with multiple +postings to be collapsed into a single, subtotaled transaction. + +@item --subtotal +@item -s +causes all transactions in a @command{register} report to be collapsed into a single, subtotaled transaction. -@option{--subtotal} (@option{-s}) causes all transactions in a -@command{register} report to be collapsed into a single, subtotaled -transaction. - -@option{--by-payee} (@option{-P}) reports subtotals by payee. - - -@option{--empty} (@option{-E}) includes even empty accounts in the -@command{balance} report. - -@option{--weekly} (@option{-W}) reports posting totals by the -week. The week begins on whichever day of the week begins the month -containing that posting. To set a specific begin date, use a -period string, such as @samp{weekly from DATE}. @option{--monthly} -(@option{-M}) reports posting totals by month; @option{--yearly} -(@option{-Y}) reports posting totals by year. For more complex -period, using the @option{--period} option described above. - -@option{--dow} reports postings totals for each day of the week. -This is an easy way to see if weekend spending is more than on -weekdays. - -@option{--sort EXPR} (@option{-S EXPR}) sorts a report by comparing -the values determined using the value expression @var{EXPR}. For -example, using @option{-S -UT} in the balance report will sort account -balances from greatest to least, using the absolute value of the -total. For more on how to use value expressions, see @ref{Value -Expressions}. - -@option{--pivot TAG} produces a pivot table around the tag provided. -This requires meta data using valued tags. - -@option{--wide} (@option{-w}) causes the default @command{register} -report to assume 132 columns instead of 80. - -@option{--head} causes only the first N transactions to be printed. This -is different from using the command-line utility @command{head}, which -would limit to the first N postings. @option{--tail} outputs only -the last N transactions. Both options may be used simultaneously. If a -negative amount is given, it will invert the meaning of the flag -(instead of the first five transactions being printed, for example, it -would print all but the first five). - -@option{--pager} tells Ledger to pass its output to the given pager -program---very useful when the output is especially long. This -behavior can be made the default by setting the @env{LEDGER_PAGER} -environment variable. - -@option{--average} (@option{-A}) reports the average posting -value. - -@option{--deviation} (@option{-D}) reports each posting's -deviation from the average. It is only meaningful in the -@command{register} and @command{prices} reports. - -@option{--percent} (@option{-%}) shows account subtotals in the -@command{balance} report as percentages of the parent account. - -@c @option{--totals} include running total information in the +@item --by-payee +@item -P +reports subtotals by payee. + + +@item --empty +@item -E +includes even empty accounts in the @command{balance} report. + +@item --weekly +@item -W +reports posting totals by the week. The week begins on whichever day of +the week begins the month containing that posting. To set a specific +begin date, use a period string, such as @code{weekly from DATE}. +@item --monthly +@item -M +reports posting totals by month; +@item --yearly +@item -Y +reports posting totals by year. For more complex period, using the +@item --period +option described above. + +@item --dow +reports postings totals for each day of the week. This is an easy way +to see if weekend spending is more than on weekdays. + +@item --sort EXPR +@item -S EXPR +sorts a report by comparing the values determined using the value +expression @var{EXPR}. For example, using @code{-S -UT} in the +balance report will sort account balances from greatest to least, using +the absolute value of the total. For more on how to use value +expressions, see @ref{Value Expressions}. + +@item --pivot TAG +produces a pivot table around the tag provided. This requires meta data +using valued tags. + +@item --wide +@item -w +causes the default @command{register} report to assume 132 columns +instead of 80. + +@item --head +causes only the first @code{N} transactions to be printed. This is different +from using the command-line utility @command{head}, which would limit to +the first N postings. @code{--tail} outputs only the last @code{N} +transactions. Both options may be used simultaneously. If a negative +amount is given, it will invert the meaning of the flag (instead of the +first five transactions being printed, for example, it would print all +but the first five). + +@item --pager +tells Ledger to pass its output to the given pager program; very useful +when the output is especially long. This behavior can be made the +default by setting the @env{LEDGER_PAGER} environment variable. + +@item --average +@item -A +reports the average posting value. + +@item --deviation +@item -D +reports each posting's deviation from the average. It is only +meaningful in the @command{register} and @command{prices} reports. + +@item --percent +@item -% +shows account subtotals in the @command{balance} report as percentages +of the parent account. + +@c @code{--totals} include running total information in the @c @command{xml} report. -@option{--amount-data} (@option{-j}) changes the @command{register} -report so that it outputs nothing but the date and the value column, -and the latter without commodities. This is only meaningful if the -report uses a single commodity. This data can then be fed to other -programs, which could plot the date, analyze it, etc. +@item --amount-data +@item -j +changes the @command{register} report so that it outputs nothing but the +date and the value column, and the latter without commodities. This is +only meaningful if the report uses a single commodity. This data can +then be fed to other programs, which could plot the date, analyze it, +etc. -@option{--total-data} (@option{-J}) changes the @command{register} -report so that it outputs nothing but the date and totals column, -without commodities. +@item --total-data +@item -J +changes the @command{register} report so that it outputs nothing but the +date and totals column, without commodities. -@option{--display EXPR} (@option{-d EXPR}) limits which postings -or accounts or actually displayed in a report. They might still be -calculated, and be part of the running total of a register report, for -example, but they will not be displayed. This is useful for seeing -last month's checking postings, against a running balance which -includes all posting values: +@item --display EXPR +@item -d EXPR +limits which postings or accounts or actually displayed in a report. +They might still be calculated, and be part of the running total of a +register report, for example, but they will not be displayed. This is +useful for seeing last month's checking postings, against a running +balance which includes all posting values: @smallexample ledger -d "d>=[last month]" reg checking @@ -5822,41 +5970,136 @@ ledger -p "last month" reg checking @end smallexample Which is more useful depends on what you're looking to know: the total -amount for the reporting range (@option{-p}), or simply a display -restricted to the reporting range (using @option{-d}). - -@option{--date-format STR} (@option{-y STR}) changes the basic date -format used by reports. The default uses a date like 2004/08/01, -which represents the default date format of @samp{%Y/%m/%d}. To -change the way dates are printed in general, the easiest way is to put -@option{--date-format FORMAT} in the Ledger initialization file -@file{~/.ledgerrc} (or the file referred to by @env{LEDGER_INIT}). - -@option{--format STR} (@option{-F STR}) sets the reporting format for -whatever report ledger is about to make. @xref{Format Strings}. -There are also specific format commands for each report type: - -@itemize -@item @option{--balance-format STR} -@item @option{--register-format STR} -@item @option{--print-format STR} -@item @option{--plot-amount-format STR} (-j @command{register}) -@item @option{--plot-total-format STR} (-J @command{register}) -@item @option{--equity-format STR} -@item @option{--prices-format STR} -@item @option{--wide-register-format STR} (-w @command{register}) -@end itemize +amount for the reporting range (@code{-p}), or simply a display +restricted to the reporting range (using @code{-d}). + +@item --date-format STR +@item -y STR +changes the basic date format used by reports. The default uses a date +like @code{2004/08/01}, which represents the default date format of +@code{%Y/%m/%d}. To change the way dates are printed in general, the +easiest way is to put @code{--date-format FORMAT} in the Ledger +initialization file @file{~/.ledgerrc} (or the file referred to by +@env{LEDGER_INIT}). + +@item --format STR +@item -F STR +sets the reporting format for whatever report ledger is about to make. +@xref{Format Strings}. There are also specific format commands for each +report type: + +@item --balance-format STR +Define the output format for the @code{balance} report. The default (defined in @code{report.h} is: +@smallexample + "%(ansify_if( + justify(scrub(display_total), 20, + 20 + int(prepend_width), true, color), + bold if should_bold)) + %(!options.flat ? depth_spacer : \"\") + %-(ansify_if( + ansify_if(partial_account(options.flat), blue if color), + bold if should_bold))\n%/ + %$1\n%/ + %(prepend_width ? \" \" * int(prepend_width) : \"\") + --------------------\n" +@end smallexample +@item --cleared-format +Defines the format for the cleared report. The default is: +@smallexample + "%(justify(scrub(get_at(display_total, 0)), 16, 16 + int(prepend_width), + true, color)) %(justify(scrub(get_at(display_total, 1)), 18, + 36 + int(prepend_width), true, color)) + %(latest_cleared ? format_date(latest_cleared) : \" \") + %(!options.flat ? depth_spacer : \"\") + %-(ansify_if(partial_account(options.flat), blue if color))\n%/ + %$1 %$2 %$3\n%/ + %(prepend_width ? \" \" * int(prepend_width) : \"\") + ---------------- ---------------- ---------\n" +@end smallexample +@item --register-format STR +Define the output format for the @code{register} report. The default (defined in @code{report.h} is: +@smallexample + "%(ansify_if( + ansify_if(justify(format_date(date), int(date_width)), + green if color and date > today), + bold if should_bold)) + %(ansify_if( + ansify_if(justify(truncated(payee, int(payee_width)), int(payee_width)), + bold if color and !cleared and actual), + bold if should_bold)) + %(ansify_if( + ansify_if(justify(truncated(display_account, int(account_width), + int(abbrev_len)), int(account_width)), + blue if color), + bold if should_bold)) + %(ansify_if( + justify(scrub(display_amount), int(amount_width), + 3 + int(meta_width) + int(date_width) + int(payee_width) + + int(account_width) + int(amount_width) + int(prepend_width), + true, color), + bold if should_bold)) + %(ansify_if( + justify(scrub(display_total), int(total_width), + 4 + int(meta_width) + int(date_width) + int(payee_width) + + int(account_width) + int(amount_width) + int(total_width) + + int(prepend_width), true, color), + bold if should_bold))\n%/ + %(justify(\" \", int(date_width))) + %(ansify_if( + justify(truncated(has_tag(\"Payee\") ? payee : \" \", + int(payee_width)), int(payee_width)), + bold if should_bold)) + %$3 %$4 %$5\n" +@end smallexample +@item --csv-format +Sets the format for @code{csv} reports. The default is: +@smallexample +"%(quoted(date)), + %(quoted(code)), + %(quoted(payee)), + %(quoted(display_account)), + %(quoted(commodity)), + %(quoted(quantity(scrub(display_amount)))), + %(quoted(cleared ? \"*\" : (pending ? \"!\" : \"\"))), + %(quoted(join(note | xact.note)))\n" +@end smallexample +@item --plot-amount-format STR +Sets the format for amount plots, using the @code{-j} option. The default is: +@smallexample +"%(format_date(date, \"%Y-%m-%d\")) %(quantity(scrub(display_amount)))\n" +@end smallexample +@item --plot-total-format STR +Sets the format for total plots, using the @code{-J} option. The default is: +@smallexample +"%(format_date(date, \"%Y-%m-%d\")) %(quantity(scrub(display_total)))\n" +@end smallexample +@item --pricedb-format STR +Sets the format expected for the historical price file. The default is +@smallexample +"P %(datetime) %(display_account) %(scrub(display_amount))\n" +@end smallexample + +@item --prices-format STR +Sets the format for the @command{prices} report. The default is: +@smallexample +"%(date) %-8(display_account) %(justify(scrub(display_amount), 12, + 2 + 9 + 8 + 12, true, color))\n" +@end smallexample +@item --wide-register-format STR +(-w @command{register}) +@end table @node Commodity Reporting, Environment Variables, Output Customization, Detailed Options Description @subsection Commodity Reporting These options affect how commodity values are displayed: - -@option{--price-db FILE} sets the file that is used for recording -downloaded commodity prices. It is always read on start up, to -determine historical prices. Other settings can be placed in this -file manually, to prevent downloading quotes for a specific commodity, for -example. This is done by adding a line like the following: +@table @code +@item --price-db FILE +sets the file that is used for recording downloaded commodity prices. +It is always read on start up, to determine historical prices. Other +settings can be placed in this file manually, to prevent downloading +quotes for a specific commodity, for example. This is done by adding a +line like the following: @smallexample ; Don't download quotes for the dollar, or timelog values @@ -5864,27 +6107,34 @@ N $ N h @end smallexample -Note: Ledger NEVER write output to files. You are responsible for -updated the price-db file. The best way is to have your price download +@noindent Note: Ledger NEVER writes output to files. You are responsible for +updating the price-db file. The best way is to have your price download script maintain this file. -@option{--price-exp MINS} (@option{-L MINS}) sets the expected -freshness of price quotes, in minutes. That is, if the last known quote -for any commodity is older than this value---and if @option{--download} -is being used---then the Internet will be consulted again for a newer -price. Otherwise, the old price is still considered to be fresh enough. - -@option{--download} (@option{-Q}) causes quotes to be automagically -downloaded, as needed, by running a script named @command{getquote} -and expecting that script to return a value understood by ledger. A -sample implementation of a @command{getquote} script, implemented in -Perl, is provided in the distribution. Downloaded quote price are -then appended to the price database, usually specified using the -environment variable @env{LEDGER_PRICE_DB}. - +The format of the file can be changed by telling ledger to use the +@code{--pricedb-format} you define. + +@item --price-exp MINS +@item -L MINS +sets the expected freshness of price quotes, in minutes. That is, if +the last known quote for any commodity is older than this value, and if +@code{--download} is being used, then the Internet will be consulted +again for a newer price. Otherwise, the old price is still considered +to be fresh enough. + +@item --download +@item -Q +causes quotes to be automagically downloaded, as needed, by running a +script named @command{getquote} and expecting that script to return a +value understood by ledger. A sample implementation of a +@command{getquote} script, implemented in Perl, is provided in the +distribution. Downloaded quote price are then appended to the price +database, usually specified using the environment variable +@env{LEDGER_PRICE_DB}. +@end table There are several different ways that ledger can report the totals it displays. The most flexible way to adjust them is by using value -expressions, and the @option{-t} and @option{-T} options. However, +expressions, and the @code{-t} and @code{-T} options. However, there are also several ``default'' reports, which will satisfy most users basic reporting needs: @@ -5912,10 +6162,10 @@ commodity can mean different things to different people, depending on the accounts involved, the commodities, the nature of the transactions, etc. -When you specify @samp{-V}, or @samp{-X COMM}, you are requesting that +When you specify @code{-V}, or @code{-X COMM}, you are requesting that some or all of the commodities be valuated as of today (or whatever -@samp{--now} is set to). But what does such a valuation mean? This -meaning is governed by the presence of a @samp{VALUE} meta-data property, +@code{--now} is set to). But what does such a valuation mean? This +meaning is governed by the presence of a @code{VALUE} meta-data property, whose content is an expression used to compute that value. If no VALUE property is specified, each posting is assumed to have a @@ -5926,9 +6176,9 @@ follows: = expr true ; VALUE:: market(amount, date, exchange) @end smallexample -This definition emulates the present day behavior of @samp{-V} and @samp{-X} (in the -case of @samp{-X}, the requested commodity is passed via the string 'exchange' -above). +This definition emulates the present day behavior of @code{-V} and +@code{-X} (in the case of @code{-X}, the requested commodity is passed +via the string 'exchange' above). @cindex Euro conversion One thing many people have wanted to do is to fixate the valuation of @@ -5940,8 +6190,8 @@ old European currencies in terms of the Euro after a certain date: ; VALUE:: date < [Jun 2008] ? market(amount, date, exchange) : 1.44 EUR @end smallexample -This says: If @samp{--now} is some old date, use market prices as they -were at that time; but if @samp{--now} is past June 2008, use a fixed +This says: If @code{--now} is some old date, use market prices as they +were at that time; but if @code{--now} is past June 2008, use a fixed price for converting Deutsch Mark to Euro. Or how about never re-valuating commodities used in Expenses, since they @@ -5954,7 +6204,7 @@ cannot have a different future value: This says the future valuation is the same as the valuation at the time of posting. post.date equals the posting's date, while just 'date' is -the value of @samp{--now} (defaults to today). +the value of @code{--now} (defaults to today). Or how about valuating miles based on a reimbursement rate during a specific time period: @@ -5966,7 +6216,7 @@ specific time period: @end smallexample In this case, miles driven in 2007 will always be valuated at $1.05 -each. If you use @samp{-X EUR} to expressly request all amounts in +each. If you use @code{-X EUR} to expressly request all amounts in Euro, Ledger shall convert $1.05 to Euro by whatever means are appropriate for dollars. @@ -6006,16 +6256,16 @@ another currency. For example: Ledger presently has no way of handling such things as FIFO and LIFO. If you specify an unadorned commodity name, like AAPL, it will balance -against itself. If @samp{--lots} are not being displayed, then it will +against itself. If @code{--lots} are not being displayed, then it will appear to balance against any lot of AAPL. @cindex adorned commodity If you specify an adorned commodity, like AAPL @{$10.00@}, it will also -balance against itself, and against any AAPL if @samp{--lots} is not -specified. But if you do specify @samp{--lot-prices}, for example, then +balance against itself, and against any AAPL if @code{--lots} is not +specified. But if you do specify @code{--lot-prices}, for example, then it will balance against that specific price for AAPL. -Normally when you use @samp{-X <commodity>} to request that amounts be reported in a +Normally when you use @code{-X <commodity>} to request that amounts be reported in a specific commodity, Ledger uses these values: @itemize @@ -6028,16 +6278,17 @@ specific commodity, Ledger uses these values: For the balance report, use the value of that commodity as of today. @end itemize -You can now specify -H to ask that all valuations for any amount be done +You can now specify @code{-H} to ask that all valuations for any amount be done relative to the date that amount was encountered. -You can also now use -X (and -H) in conjunction with -B and -I, to see -valuation reports of just your basis costs or lot prices. +You can also now use @code{-X} (and @code{-H}) in conjunction with +@code{-B} and @code{-I}, to see valuation reports of just your basis +costs or lot prices. @node Environment Variables, , Commodity Reporting, Detailed Options Description @subsection Environment variables Every option to ledger may be set using an environment variable. If -an option has a long name such @option{--this-option}, setting the +an option has a long name such @code{--this-option}, setting the environment variable @env{LEDGER_THIS_OPTION} will have the same affect as specifying that option on the command-line. Options on the command-line always take precedence over environment variable @@ -6114,7 +6365,7 @@ last week The beginning and ending can be given at the same time, if it spans a single period. In that case, just use @var{SPEC} by itself. In that -case, the period @samp{oct}, for example, will cover all the days in +case, the period @code{oct}, for example, will cover all the days in October. The possible forms are: @smallexample @@ -6139,7 +6390,7 @@ weekly last august @end smallexample -@node Budgeting and Forecasting, Value Expressions, Command-line Syntax, Top +@node Budgeting and Forecasting, Time Keeping, Command-line Syntax, Top @chapter Budgeting and Forecasting @menu @@ -6188,7 +6439,7 @@ ledger -p "this year" --monthly --average --subtotal balance ^expenses The reported totals are the current year's average for each account. Once these period transactions are defined, creating a budget report is as -easy as adding @option{--budget} to the command-line. For example, a +easy as adding @code{--budget} to the command-line. For example, a typical monthly expense report would be: @example @@ -6203,8 +6454,8 @@ ledger --budget --monthly register ^expenses A budget report includes only those accounts that appear in the budget. To see all expenses balanced against the budget, use -@option{--add-budget}. You can even see only the un-budgeted expenses -using @option{--unbudgeted}: +@code{--add-budget}. You can even see only the un-budgeted expenses +using @code{--unbudgeted}: @example ledger --unbudgeted --monthly register ^expenses @@ -6235,19 +6486,48 @@ only, and not against the running total: ledger --forecast "d<[2010]" bal ^assets ^liabilities @end example +@node Time Keeping, Value Expressions, Budgeting and Forecasting, Top +@chapter Time Keeping + -@node Value Expressions, Format Strings, Budgeting and Forecasting, Top +Ledger directly supports ``timelog'' entries, which have this form: + +@smallexample + i 2013/03/28 22:13:00 ACCOUNT[ PAYEE] + o 2013/03/29 03:39:00 +@end smallexample + +This records a check-in to the given ACCOUNT, and a check-out. You can +be checked-in to multiple accounts at a time, if you wish, and they can +span multiple days (use @code{--day-break} to break them up in the +report). The number of seconds between is accumulated as time to that +ACCOUNT. If the checkout uses a capital ``O'', the transaction is marked +``cleared''. You can use an optional PAYEE for whatever meaning you like. + +Now, there are a few ways to generate this information. You can use the +@file{timeclock.el} package, which is part of Emacs. Or you can write a +simple script in whichever language you prefer to emit similar +information. Or you can use Org mode's time-clocking abilities and the +org2tc script developed by John Wiegly. + +These timelog entries can appear in a separate file, or directly in your +main ledger file. The initial "i" and "o" count as Ledger "directives", +and are accepted anywhere that ordinary transactions are. + + + +@node Value Expressions, Format Strings, Time Keeping, Top @chapter Value Expressions -Value expressions are an expression language used by Ledger to -calculate values used by the program for many different purposes: +Ledger uses value expressions to make calculations for many different +purposes: @enumerate @item The values displayed in reports @item For predicates (where truth is anything non-zero), to determine which -postings are calculated (@option{-l}) or displayed (@option{-d}). +postings are calculated (@code{-l}) or displayed (@code{-d}). @item For sorting criteria, to yield the sort key. @item @@ -6255,19 +6535,21 @@ In the matching criteria used by automated postings. @end enumerate Value expressions support most simple math and logic operators, in -addition to a set of one letter functions and variables. A function's -argument is whatever follows it. The following is a display predicate -that I use with the @command{balance} command: +addition to a set of functions and variables. -@smallexample -ledger -d /^Liabilities/?T<0:UT>100 balance -@end smallexample +@c A function's +@c argument is whatever follows it. The following is a display predicate +@c that I use with the @command{balance} command: + +@c @smallexample +@c ledger -d /^Liabilities/?T<0:UT>100 balance +@c @end smallexample -The effect is that account totals are displayed only if: 1) A -Liabilities account has a total less than zero; or 2) the absolute -value of the account's total exceeds 100 units of whatever commodity -contains. If it contains multiple commodities, only one of them must -exceed 100 units. +@c The effect is that account totals are displayed only if: 1) A +@c Liabilities account has a total less than zero; or 2) the absolute +@c value of the account's total exceeds 100 units of whatever commodity +@c contains. If it contains multiple commodities, only one of them must +@c exceed 100 units. Display predicates are also very handy with register reports, to constrain which transactions are printed. For example, the following @@ -6279,8 +6561,8 @@ ledger -d "d>[this month]" register checking @end smallexample This advantage to this command's complexity is that it prints the -running total in terms of all transactions in the register. The following, -simpler command is similar, but totals only the displayed +running total in terms of all transactions in the register. The +following, simpler command is similar, but totals only the displayed postings: @smallexample @@ -6301,20 +6583,20 @@ Below are the one letter variables available in any value expression. For the register and print commands, these variables relate to individual postings, and sometimes the account affected by a posting. For the balance command, these variables relate to -accounts---often with a subtle difference in meaning. The use of each +accounts, often with a subtle difference in meaning. The use of each variable for both is specified. @table @code @item t -This maps to whatever the user specified with @option{-t}. In a -register report, @option{-t} changes the value column; in a balance -report, it has no meaning by default. If @option{-t} was not +This maps to whatever the user specified with @code{-t}. In a +register report, @code{-t} changes the value column; in a balance +report, it has no meaning by default. If @code{-t} was not specified, the current report style's value expression is used. @item T -This maps to whatever the user specified with @option{-T}. In a -register report, @option{-T} changes the totals column; in a balance -report, this is the value given for each account. If @option{-T} was +This maps to whatever the user specified with @code{-T}. In a +register report, @code{-T} changes the totals column; in a balance +report, this is the value given for each account. If @code{-T} was not specified, the current report style's value expression is used. @item m @@ -6341,7 +6623,7 @@ The market value of a posting, or an account without its children. @item g The net gain (market value minus cost basis), for a posting or an -account without its children. It is the same as @samp{v-b}. +account without its children. It is the same as @code{v-b}. @item l The depth (``level'') of an account. If an account has one parent, @@ -6383,7 +6665,7 @@ all its children. @item G The total net gain (market value minus cost basis), for a series of postings, or an account and its children. It is the same as -@samp{V-B}. +@code{V-B}. @end table @node Functions, Operators, Variables, Value Expressions @@ -6402,12 +6684,12 @@ The absolute (unsigned) value of the argument. Strips the commodity from the argument. @item A -The arithmetic mean of the argument; @samp{Ax} is the same as -@samp{x/n}. +The arithmetic mean of the argument; @code{Ax} is the same as +@code{x/n}. @item P -The present market value of the argument. The syntax @samp{P(x,d)} is -supported, which yields the market value at time @samp{d}. If no date +The present market value of the argument. The syntax @code{P(x,d)} is +supported, which yields the market value at time @code{d}. If no date is given, then the current moment is used. @end table @@ -6417,10 +6699,10 @@ is given, then the current moment is used. The binary and ternary operators, in order of precedence, are: @enumerate -@item @samp{* /} -@item @samp{+ -} -@item @samp{! < > =} -@item @samp{& | ?:} +@item @code{* /} +@item @code{+ -} +@item @code{! < > =} +@item @code{& | ?:} @end enumerate @menu @@ -6502,177 +6784,237 @@ precedence order of operators. @item [DATE] Useful specifying a date in plain terms. For example, you could say -@samp{[2004/06/01]}. +@code{[2004/06/01]}. @end table +@menu +* Misc:: +@end menu + +@node Misc, , Complex Expressions, Complex Expressions +@subsection Miscellaneous +@multitable @columnfractions .3 .2 .5 +@item @strong{Function} @tab @strong{Abbrev.} @tab @strong{Description} +@item @code{amount_expr } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{abs } @tab @code{} @tab --> U +@item @code{ceiling } @tab @code{} @tab Returns the next integer toward +infty +@item @code{code} @tab @code{} @tab returns the transaction code, the string between the parenthesis after the date. +@item @code{commodity } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{display_amount } @tab @code{} @tab --> t +@item @code{display_total } @tab @code{} @tab --> T +@item @code{date } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{format_date } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{format } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{floor } @tab @code{} @tab Returns the next integer toward -infty +@item @code{get_at } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{is_seq } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{justify } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{join } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{market --> P } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{null } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{now --> d m } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{options } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{post } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{percent } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{price } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{print } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{quoted } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{quantity } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{rounded } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{roundto } @tab @code{} @tab Returns value rounded to n digits. Does not affect formatting. +@item @code{scrub } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{strip --> S } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{should_bold } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{truncated } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{total_expr } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{today } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{top_amount } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_boolean } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_int } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_datetime } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_date } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_amount } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_balance } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_spring } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_mask } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{to_sequence } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{unrounded } @tab @code{} @tab +@item @code{value_date } @tab @code{} @tab +@end multitable -@node Format Strings, Ledger for Developers, Value Expressions, Top +@node Format Strings, Extending with Python, Value Expressions, Top @chapter Format Strings @menu * Basics:: +* Format String Structure:: * Format Expressions:: * --balance-format:: -* New formatting codes:: -* Date and Time Format Codes:: +* Formatting codes:: @end menu -@node Basics, Format Expressions, Format Strings, Format Strings +@node Basics, Format String Structure, Format Strings, Format Strings @section Format String Basics -Format strings may be used to change the output format of reports. -They are specified by passing a formatting string to the -@option{--format} (@option{-F}) option. Within that string, -constructs are allowed which make it possible to display the various -parts of an account or posting in custom ways. +Format strings may be used to change the output format of reports. They +are specified by passing a formatting string to the @code{--format} +(@code{-F}) option. Within that string, constructs are allowed which +make it possible to display the various parts of an account or posting +in custom ways. + +There are several additional flags that allow you to define formats for +specific reports. These are useful to define in your configuration file +and will allow you to run ledger reports from the command line without +having to enter a new format for each command. + +@itemize +@item @code{--balance-report} +@item @code{--cleared-report} +@item @code{--register-report} +@item @code{--csv-report} +@item @code{--plot-amount-report} +@item @code{--plot-total-report} +@item @code{--pricedb-report} +@item @code{--prices-report} +@item @code{--wide-register-report} +@end itemize +@node Format String Structure, Format Expressions, Basics, Format Strings +@section Format String Structure Within a format string, a substitution is specified using a percent -character (@samp{%}). The basic format of all substitutions is: +character (@code{%}). The basic format of all substitutions is: @smallexample %[-][MIN WIDTH][.MAX WIDTH](VALEXPR) @end smallexample -If the optional minus sign (@samp{-}) follows the percent character, +If the optional minus sign (@code{-}) follows the percent character, whatever is substituted will be left justified. The default is right -justified. If a minimum width is given next, the substituted text -will be at least that wide, perhaps wider. If a period and a maximum -width is given, the substituted text will never be wider than this, -and will be truncated to fit. Here are some examples: +justified. If a minimum width is given next, the substituted text will +be at least that wide, perhaps wider. If a period and a maximum width +is given, the substituted text will never be wider than this, and will +be truncated to fit. Here are some examples: -@smallexample -%-P a transaction's payee, left justified -%20P The same, right justified, at least 20 chars wide -%.20P The same, no more than 20 chars wide -%-.20P Left justified, maximum twenty chars wide -@end smallexample +@table @code +@item %-20P +a transaction's payee, left justified and padded to 20 characters wide. +@item %20P +The same, right justified, at least 20 chars wide +@item %.20P +The same, no more than 20 chars wide +@end table -The expression following the format constraints can be a single -letter, or an expression enclosed in parentheses or brackets. +The expression following the format constraints can be a single letter, +or an expression enclosed in parentheses or brackets. -@node Format Expressions, --balance-format, Basics, Format Strings +@node Format Expressions, --balance-format, Format String Structure, Format Strings @section Format Expressions - The -allowable expressions are: + The allowable expressions are: @table @code @item % Inserts a percent sign. @item t -Inserts the results of the value expression specified by @option{-t}. -If @option{-t} was not specified, the current report style's value +Inserts the results of the value expression specified by @code{-t}. +If @code{-t} was not specified, the current report style's value expression is used. @item T -Inserts the results of the value expression specified by @option{-T}. -If @option{-T} was not specified, the current report style's value +Inserts the results of the value expression specified by @code{-T}. +If @code{-T} was not specified, the current report style's value expression is used. -@item | -Inserts a single space. This is useful if a width is specified, for -inserting a certain number of spaces. - -@item _ -Inserts a space for each level of an account's depth. That is, if an -account has two parents, this construct will insert two spaces. If a -minimum width is specified, that much space is inserted for each level -of depth. Thus @samp{%5_}, for an account with four parents, will -insert twenty spaces. - @item (EXPR) Inserts the amount resulting from the value expression given in parentheses. To insert five times the total value of an account, for -example, one could say @samp{%12(5*O)}. Note: It's important to put -the five first in that expression, so that the commodity doesn't get +example, one could say @code{%12(5*O)}. Note: It's important to put the +five first in that expression, so that the commodity doesn't get stripped from the total. @item [DATEFMT] Inserts the result of formatting a posting's date with a date format string, exactly like those supported by @code{strftime}. For -example: @samp{%[%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S]}. +example: @code{%[%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S]}. @item S -Insert the pathname of the file from which the transaction's data was read. +Insert the pathname of the file from which the transaction's data was +read. Only sensible in a register report. @item B -Inserts the beginning character position of that transaction within the file. +Inserts the beginning character position of that transaction within the +file. @item b Inserts the beginning line of that transaction within the file. @item E -Inserts the ending character position of that transaction within the file. +Inserts the ending character position of that transaction within the +file. @item e Inserts the ending line of that transaction within the file. -@item D -By default, this is the same as @samp{%[%Y/%m%/d]}. The date format -used can be changed at any time with the @option{-y} flag, however. -Using @samp{%D} gives the user more control over the way dates are -output. +@c @item D +@c By default, this is the same as @code{%[%Y/%m%/d]}. The date format +@c used can be changed at any time with the @code{-y} flag, however. Using +@c @code{%D} gives the user more control over the way dates are output. @item d -This is the same as the @samp{%D} option, unless the transaction has an -effective date, in which case it prints -@samp{[ACTUAL_DATE=EFFECTIVE_DATE]}. +Returns the date according to the default format. If the transaction +has an effective date, it prints @code{[ACTUAL_DATE=EFFECTIVE_DATE]}. @item X -If a posting has been cleared, this inserts @samp{*} followed by a -space; otherwise nothing is inserted. +If a posting has been cleared, this returns a 1, otherwise returns 0. @item Y -This is the same as @samp{%X}, except that it only displays a state +This is the same as @code{%X}, except that it only displays a state character if all of the member postings have the same state. @item C -Inserts the checking number for a transaction, in parentheses, followed by -a space; if none was specified, nothing is inserted. +Inserts the transaction type. This is the value specified between +parenthesis on the first line of the transaction. @item P Inserts the payee related to a posting. -@item a -Inserts the optimal short name for an account. This is normally used -in balance reports. It prints a parent account's name if that name -has not been printed yet, otherwise it just prints the account's name. +@c @item a +@c Inserts the optimal short name for an account. This is normally used in +@c balance reports. It prints a parent account's name if that name has not +@c been printed yet, otherwise it just prints the account's name. @item A Inserts the full name of an account. -@item W -This is the same as @samp{%A}, except that it first displays the -posting's state @emph{if the transaction's posting states are not -all the same}, followed by the full account name. This is offered as -a printing optimization, so that combined with @samp{%Y}, only the -minimum amount of state detail is printed. +@c @item W +@c This is the same as @code{%A}, except that it first displays the +@c posting's state @emph{if the transaction's posting states are not all +@c the same}, followed by the full account name. This is offered as a +@c printing optimization, so that combined with @code{%Y}, only the minimum +@c amount of state detail is printed. -@item o -Inserts the ``optimized'' form of a posting's amount. This is -used by the print report. In some cases, this inserts nothing; in -others, it inserts the posting amount and its cost. It's use is -not recommend unless you are modifying the print report. +@c @item o +@c Inserts the ``optimized'' form of a posting's amount. This is used by +@c the print report. In some cases, this inserts nothing; in others, it +@c inserts the posting amount and its cost. It's use is not recommended +@c unless you are modifying the print report. -@item n -Inserts the note associated with a posting, preceded by two spaces -and a semi-colon, if it exists. Thus, no none becomes an empty -string, while the note @samp{foo} is substituted as @samp{ ; foo}. @item N Inserts the note associated with a posting, if one exists. @item / -The @samp{%/} construct is special. It separates a format string +The @code{%/} construct is special. It separates a format string between what is printed for the first posting of a transaction, and what is printed for all subsequent postings. If not used, the same format string is used for all postings. @end table -@node --balance-format, New formatting codes, Format Expressions, Format Strings +@node --balance-format, Formatting codes, Format Expressions, Format Strings @section --balance-format -As an example of how flexible the --format strings can be, the default balance format looks like this: +As an example of how flexible the @code{--format} strings can be, the default +balance format looks like this (the various functions are described later): @smallexample "%(justify(scrub(display_total), 20, -1, true, color))" @@ -6682,33 +7024,37 @@ As an example of how flexible the --format strings can be, the default balance f "--------------------\n" @end smallexample -@node New formatting codes, Date and Time Format Codes, --balance-format, Format Strings -@section New Formatting Codes +@node Formatting codes, , --balance-format, Format Strings +@section Formatting Functions and Codes @menu * Field Widths:: * Colors:: * Quantities and Calculations:: * Dates:: +* Date and Time Format Codes:: * Text Formatting:: -* Misc:: +* Data File Parsing Information:: @end menu -@node Field Widths, Colors, New formatting codes, New formatting codes +@node Field Widths, Colors, Formatting codes, Formatting codes @subsection Field Widths -@multitable @columnfractions .3 .2 .5 -@item @strong{Function} @tab @strong{Abbrev.} @tab @strong{Description} +The following codes return the width allocated for the specific fields. +The defaults can be changed using the corresponding command line +options: +@itemize @item @code{date_width} @item @code{payee_width} @item @code{account_width} @item @code{amount_width} @item @code{total_width} -@end multitable +@end itemize -@node Colors, Quantities and Calculations, Field Widths, New formatting codes +@node Colors, Quantities and Calculations, Field Widths, Formatting codes @subsection Colors -The character based formatting ledger can do is limited to the ANSI terminal character colors and font highlight in a normal TTY session. +The character based formatting ledger can do is limited to the ANSI +terminal character colors and font highlights in a normal TTY session. @multitable @columnfractions .3 .3 .3 @item @code{red} @tab @code{magenta} @tab @code{bold} @item @code{green } @tab @code{cyan} @tab @code{underline} @@ -6718,64 +7064,166 @@ The character based formatting ledger can do is limited to the ANSI terminal cha -@node Quantities and Calculations, Dates, Colors, New formatting codes +@node Quantities and Calculations, Dates, Colors, Formatting codes @subsection Quantities and Calculations -@multitable @columnfractions .3 .2 .5 -@item @strong{Function} @tab @strong{Abbrev.} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{amount_expr } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{abs} @tab @code{U} @tab -@item @code{commodity } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{display_amount } @tab @code{t} @tab -@item @code{display_total } @tab @code{T} @tab -@item @code{floor } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{get_at } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{is_seq } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{market } @tab @code{P} @tab -@item @code{percent } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{price } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{quantity } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{rounded } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{truncated } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{total_expr } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{top_amount } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_boolean } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_int } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_amount } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_balance } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{unrounded } @tab @code{} @tab -@end multitable +@table @code +@item amount_expr +@item abs +@item commodity +@item display_amount +@item display_total +@item floor +@item get_at +@item is_seq +@item market +@item percent +@item price +@item quantity +@item rounded +@item truncated +@item total_expr +@item top_amount +@item to_boolean +@item to_int +@item to_amount +@item to_balance +@item unrounded +@end table -@node Dates, Text Formatting, Quantities and Calculations, New formatting codes -@subsection Dates +@node Dates, Date and Time Format Codes, Quantities and Calculations, Formatting codes +@subsection Date Functions +The following functions allow you to manipulate and format dates. +@table @code +@item date +Returns the date of the current transaction +@item format_date(date, "FORMAT STRING") +formats the date using the given format string. +@item now +Returns the current date and time. If the @code{--now} option is +defined it will return that value. +@item today +Returns the current date. If the @code{--now} option is +defined it will return that value. +@item to_datetime +convert a string to a date-time value +@item to_date +convert a string to date value +@item value_date +@end table -@multitable @columnfractions .3 .2 .5 -@item @strong{Function} @tab @strong{Abbrev.} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{date } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{format_date } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{now } @tab @code{} @tab --> d m -@item @code{today } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_datetime } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_date } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{value_date } @tab @code{} @tab -@end multitable +@menu +* Date and Time Format Codes:: +@end menu + +@node Date and Time Format Codes, Text Formatting, Dates, Formatting codes +@subsection Date and Time Format Codes +Date and time format are specified as strings of single letter codes +preceded by percent signs. Any separator, or no separator can be +specified. +@subsubsection Days +Dates are formed from a combination of day, month and year codes, in +whatever order you prefer: + +@table @code +@item %Y +Four digit year + +@item %y +Two digit year + +@item %m +Two digit month + +@item %d +Two digit date +@end table + +@noindent So @code{"%Y%m%d"} yields @code{20111214} which provides a date that is simple to sort on. + +@subsubsection Weekdays + +You can have additional weekday information in your date with @code{%A} +as + +@table @code +@item %m-%d-%Y %A +yields @code{02-10-2010 Wednesday} + +@item %A %m-%d-%Y +yields @code{Wednesday 02-10-2010} +@end table +@noindent These are options you can select for weekday + +@table @code +@item %a +weekday, abbreviated Wed +@item %A +weekday, full Wednesday +@item %d +day of the month (dd), zero padded 10 +@item %e +day of the month (dd) 10 +@item %j +day of year, zero padded 000-366 +@item %u +day of week starting with Monday (1), i.e. @code{mtwtfss} 3 +@item %w +day of week starting with Sunday (0), i.e. @code{smtwtfs} 3 +@end table +@subsubsection Month + +You can have additional month information in your date with @code{%B} as + +@table @code +@item %m-%d-%Y %B +yields @code{ 02-10-2010 Februrary} + +@item %B %m-%d-%Y +yields @code{February 02-10-2010} +@end table +@noindent These are options you can select for month +@table @code +@item %m +@code{mm} month as two digits + +@item %b +Locale’s abbreviated month, for example @code{02} might be abbreviated as @code{Feb} -@node Text Formatting, Misc, Dates, New formatting codes +@item %B +Locale’s full month, variable length February +@end table + +@subsubsection Miscellaneous Date Codes +Additional date format parameters which can be used : + +@table @code +@item %U +week number Sunday as first day of week 01–53 +@item %W +week number Monday as first day of week 01–53 +@item %V +week of the year 01–53 +@item %C +@code{cc} century 00–99 +@item %D +yields @code{mm/dd/yy 02/10/10} +@item %x +locale’s date representation @code{02/10/2010} for the U.S. +@item %F +yields @code{%Y-%m-%d 2010-02-10} +@end table +@menu +* Text Formatting:: +* Data File Parsing Information:: +* Misc:: +@end menu + +@node Text Formatting, Data File Parsing Information, Date and Time Format Codes, Formatting codes @subsection Text Formatting -@subsubsection Summary -@multitable @columnfractions .6 .4 -@item @strong{Function} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{ansify_if(str,color) } @tab Colorize the string -@item @code{justify(str, fwidth, lwidth, right, colorize) } @tab Right or left justify the string. -@item @code{join(str) } @tab Remove line feeds from the input string. Mainly used internally for org-mode output -@item @code{quoted(str) } @tab Returns @code{"<str>"}. -@item @code{strip } @tab @code{Removes additional annotations from values.} -@item @code{scrub } @tab @code{S} -@item @code{should_bold } @tab @code{} -@end multitable -@subsubsection Detailed Descriptions +The following format functions allow you limited formatting of text: @table @code @item ansify_if(value, color) Surrounds the string representing value with ANSI codes to give it @@ -6789,149 +7237,203 @@ If @code{right_justify=true} then the field is right justify within the width of the field. If it is @code{false}, then the field is left justified and padded to the full width of the field. If @code{colorize} is true then ledger will honor color settings. -@item join(str) -Replaces line feeds in str with @code{\n}. -@item quoted(str) -Return str surrounded by double quotes, @code{"<str>"}. +@item join(STR) +Replaces line feeds in @code{STR} with @code{\n}. +@item quoted(STR) +Return @code{STR} surrounded by double quotes, @code{"STR"}. @item strip(value) Values can have numerous annotations, such as effective dates and lot prices. @code{strip} removes these annotations. @end table -@node Misc, , Text Formatting, New formatting codes -@subsection Miscellaneous -@multitable @columnfractions .3 .2 .5 -@item @strong{Function} @tab @strong{Abbrev.} @tab @strong{Description} -@item @code{amount_expr } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{abs } @tab @code{} @tab --> U -@item @code{code} @tab @code{} @tab returns the transaction code, the string between the parenthesis after the date. -@item @code{commodity } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{display_amount } @tab @code{} @tab --> t -@item @code{display_total } @tab @code{} @tab --> T -@item @code{date } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{format_date } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{format } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{floor } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{get_at } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{is_seq } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{justify } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{join } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{market --> P } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{null } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{now --> d m } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{options } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{post } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{percent } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{price } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{print } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{quoted } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{quantity } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{rounded } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{scrub } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{strip --> S } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{should_bold } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{truncated } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{total_expr } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{today } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{top_amount } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_boolean } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_int } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_datetime } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_date } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_amount } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_balance } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_spring } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_mask } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{to_sequence } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{unrounded } @tab @code{} @tab -@item @code{value_date } @tab @code{} @tab -@end multitable -@node Date and Time Format Codes, , New formatting codes, Format Strings -@section Date and Time Format Codes -Date and time format are specified as strings of single letter codes -preceded by percent signs. Any separator, or no separator can be -specified. -@subsection Dates -Dates are formed from a combination of day, month and year codes, in -whatever order you prefer: +@node Data File Parsing Information, , Text Formatting, Formatting codes +@subsection Data File Parsing Information -@option{%Y} is keyword for four digit year +The following format strings provide locational metadata +regarding the coordinates of entries in the source data file(s) that +generated the posting. -@option{%y} is keyword for two digit year +@table @code +@item filename +name of ledger data file from whence posting came, abbreviated @code{S} +@item beg_pos +character position in @code{filename} where entry for posting begins, abbreviated @code{B} +@item end_pos +character position in @code{filename} where entry for posting ends, abbreviated @code{E} +@item beg_line +line number in @code{filename} where entry for posting begins, abbreviated @code{b} +@item end_line +line number in @code{filename} where posting's entry for posting ends, abbreviated @code{e} +@end table -@option{%m} is keyword for two digit month -@option{%d} is keyword for two digit date -@noindent So @code{"%Y%m%d"} yields @code{20111214} which provides a date that is simple to sort. +@node Extending with Python, Ledger for Developers, Format Strings, Top +@chapter Extending with Python +Python can be used to extend your Ledger +experience. But first, a word must be said about Ledger's data model, so that +other things make sense later. + +@menu +* Basic data traversal:: +* Raw vs. Cooked:: +* Queries:: +* Embedded Python:: +* Amounts:: +@end menu -@subsection Weekdays +@node Basic data traversal, Raw vs. Cooked, Extending with Python, Extending with Python +@section Basic data traversal -You can have additional weekday information in your date with @code{%A} -as +Every interaction with Ledger happens in the context of a Session. Even if +you don't create a session manually, one is created for you by the top-level +interface functions. The Session is where objects live like the Commodity's +that Amount's refer to. -@option{%m-%d-%Y %A} yields @code{02-10-2010 Wednesday} +The make a Session useful, you must read a Journal into it, using the function +`@code{read_journal}`. This reads Ledger data from the given file, populates a +Journal object within the current Session, and returns a reference to that +Journal object. -@option{%A %m-%d-%Y} yields @code{Wednesday 02-10-2010} +Within the Journal live all the Transaction's, Posting's, and other objects +related to your data. There are also AutomatedTransaction's and +PeriodicTransaction's, etc. -@noindent These are options you can select for weekday +Here is how you would traverse all the postings in your data file: +@smallexample -@option{%a} weekday, abbreviated Wed + import ledger -@option{%A} weekday, full Wednesday + for xact in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").xacts: + for post in xact.posts: + print "Transferring %s to/from %s" % (post.amount, post.account) +@end smallexample -@option{%d} day of the month (dd), zero padded 10 +@node Raw vs. Cooked, Queries, Basic data traversal, Extending with Python +@section Raw vs. Cooked -@option{%e} day of the month (dd) 10 +Ledger data exists in one of two forms: raw and cooked. Raw objects are what +you get from a traversal like the above, and represent exactly what was seen +in the data file. Consider this journal: -@option{%j} day of year, zero padded 000-366 +@smallexample + = true + (Assets:Cash) $100 -@option{%u} day of week starting with Monday (1), i.e. @code{mtwtfss} 3 + 2012-03-01 KFC + Expenses:Food $100 + Assets:Credit +@end smallexample -@option{%w} day of week starting with Sunday (0), i.e. @code{smtwtfs} 3 -@subsection Month +In this case, the @emph{raw} regular transaction in this file is: -You can have additional month information in your date with @code{%B} as +@smallexample + 2012-03-01 KFC + Expenses:Food $100 + Assets:Credit +@end smallexample +While the @emph{cooked} form is: -@option{%m-%d-%Y %B} yields @code{ 02-10-2010 Februrary} +@smallexample + 2012-03-01 KFC + Expenses:Food $100 + Assets:Credit $-100 + (Assets:Cash) $100 +@end smallexample -@option{%B %m-%d-%Y} yields @code{February 02-10-2010} +So the easy way to think about raw vs. cooked is that raw is the unprocessed +data, and cooked has had all considerations applied. -@noindent These are options you can select for month +When you traverse a Journal by iterating its transactions, you are generally +looking at raw data. In order to look at cooked data, you must generate a +report of some kind by querying the journal: -@option{%m} @code{mm} month as two digits +@smallexample + for post in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").query("food"): + print "Transferring %s to/from %s" % (post.amount, post.account) +@end smallexample -@option{%b} @code{Mon}, locale’s abbreviated Feb +The reason why queries iterate over postings instead of transactions is that +queries often return only a ``slice'' of the transactions they apply to. You +can always get at a matching posting's transaction by looking at its "xact" +member: -@option{%B} locale’s full month, variable length February +@smallexample + last_xact = None + for post in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").query(""): + if post.xact != last_xact: + for post in post.xact.posts: + print "Transferring %s to/from %s" % (post.amount, + post.account) + last_xact = post.xact +@end smallexample +This query ends up reporting every cooked posting in the Journal, but does it +transaction-wise. It relies on the fact that an unsorted report returns +postings in the exact order they were parsed from the journal file. -@subsection Miscellaneous Date Codes -Additional date format parameters which can be used : +@node Queries, Embedded Python, Raw vs. Cooked, Extending with Python +@section Queries + +The Journal.query() method accepts every argument you can specify on the +command-line, including --options. + +Since a query ``cooks'' the journal it applies to, only one query may be active +for that journal at a given time. Once the query object is gone (after the +for loop), then the data reverts back to its raw state. -@option{%U} week number Sunday as first day of week 01–53 +@node Embedded Python, Amounts, Queries, Extending with Python +@section Embedded Python -@option{%W} week number Monday as first day of week 01–53 +You can embed Python into your data files using the 'python' directive: -@option{%V} week of the year 01–53 +@smallexample + python + import os + def check_path(path_value): + print "%s => %s" % (str(path_value), os.path.isfile(str(path_value))) + return os.path.isfile(str(path_value)) -@option{%C} @code{cc} century 00–99 + tag PATH + assert check_path(value) -@option{%D} yields @code{mm/dd/yy 02/10/10} + 2012-02-29 KFC + ; PATH: somebogusfile.dat + Expenses:Food $20 + Assets:Cash +@end smallexample -@option{%x} locale’s date representation @code{02/10/2010} for the U.S. +Any Python functions you define this way become immediately available as +valexpr functions. -@option{%F} yields @code{%Y-%m-%d 2010-02-10} +@node Amounts, , Embedded Python, Extending with Python +@section Amounts + +When numbers come from Ledger, like post.amount, the type of the value is +Amount. It can be used just like an ordinary number, except that addition +and subtraction are restricted to amounts with the same commodity. If you +need to create sums of multiple commodities, use a Balance. For example: + +@smallexample + total = Balance() + for post in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").query(""): + total += post.amount + print total +@end smallexample -@node Ledger for Developers, Extending with Python, Format Strings, Top + + +@node Ledger for Developers, Major Changes from version 2.6, Extending with Python, Top @chapter Ledger for Developers @menu * Internal Design:: * Journal File Format:: +* Developer Commands:: +* Ledger Development Environment:: @end menu @node Internal Design, Journal File Format, Ledger for Developers, Ledger for Developers @@ -6984,7 +7486,7 @@ Those tiers are: strings, etc. If you try to apply an operation between two values that makes no sense (like dividing an amount by a balance), an error occurs at runtime, rather than at compile-time (as would happen if you actually tried - to divide an amount_t by a balance_t). + to divide an @code{amount_t} by a @code{balance_t}). This is the core data type for the value expression language. @@ -7003,9 +7505,9 @@ Those tiers are: @item Query expressions Expressions can be onerous to type at the command-line, so there's a - shorthand for reporting called "query expressions". These add no + shorthand for reporting called ``query expressions''. These add no functionality of there own, but are purely translated from the input string - (cash) down to the corresponding value expression (account =~ /cash/). + (cash) down to the corresponding value expression @code{(account =~ /cash/)}. This is a convenience layer. @item Format strings @@ -7013,7 +7515,7 @@ Those tiers are: Format strings let you interpolate value expressions into string, with the requirement that any interpolated value have a string representation. Really all this does is calculate the value expression in the current - report context, call the resulting value's "to_string()" method, and stuffs + report context, call the resulting value's @code{to_string()} method, and stuffs the result into the output string. It also provides printf-like behavior, such as min/max width, right/left justification, etc. @@ -7046,19 +7548,19 @@ Those tiers are: @item The Journal object Finally, all transactions with their postings, and all accounts, are owned - by a journal_t object. This is the go-to object for querying ad reporting + by a @code{journal_t} object. This is the go-to object for querying ad reporting on your data. @item Textual journal parser There is a textual parser, wholly contained in textual.cc, which knows how - to parse text into journal objects, which then get "finalized" and added to + to parse text into journal objects, which then get ``finalized'' and added to the journal. Finalization is the step that enforces the double-entry guarantee. @item Iterators - Every journal object is "iterable", and these iterators are defined in + Every journal object is ``iterable'', and these iterators are defined in iterators.h and iterators.cc. This iteration logic is kept out of the basic journal objects themselves for the sake of modularity. @@ -7066,12 +7568,12 @@ Those tiers are: Another abstraction isolated to its own layer, this class encapsulating the comparison of journal objects, based on whatever value expression the user - passed to --sort. + passed to @code{--sort}. @item Temporaries Many reports bring pseudo-journal objects into existence, like postings - which report totals in a "<Total>" account. These objects are created and + which report totals in a @code{<Total>} account. These objects are created and managed by a temporaries_t object, which gets used in many places by the reporting filters. @@ -7103,7 +7605,7 @@ Those tiers are: iterator depends on the type of report. This iterator is then walked, and every object yielded from the iterator is - passed to an "item handler", whose type is directly related to the type of + passed to an ``item handler'', whose type is directly related to the type of the iterator. There are many, many item handlers, which can be chained together. Each @@ -7112,22 +7614,22 @@ Those tiers are: filters which compute the running totals; that queue and sort all the input items before playing them back out in a new order; that filter out items which fail to match a predicate, etc. Almost every reporting feature in - Ledger is related to one or more filters. Looking at filters.h, I see over + Ledger is related to one or more filters. Looking at @code{filters.h}, I see over 25 of them defined currently. @item The filter chain How filters get wired up, and in what order, is a complex process based on all the various options specified by the user. This is the job of the - chain logic, found entirely in chain.cc. It took a really long time to get + chain logic, found entirely in @code{chain.cc}. It took a really long time to get this logic exactly write, which is why I haven't exposed this layer to the Python bridge yet. @item Output modules Although filters are great and all, in the end you want to see stuff. This - is the job of special "leaf" filters call output modules. They are - implemented just like a regular filter, but they don't have a "next" filter + is the job of special ``leaf'' filters call output modules. They are + implemented just like a regular filter, but they don't have a ``next'' filter to pass the time on down to. Instead, they are the end of the line and must do something with the item that results in the user seeing something on their screen or in a file. @@ -7151,14 +7653,14 @@ Those tiers are: This creates the global scope object, performs error reporting, and handles command-line options which must precede even the creation of the global - scope, such as --debug. + scope, such as @code{--debug}. @end itemize And that's Ledger in a nutshell. All the rest are details, such as which value expressions each journal item exposes, how many filters currently exist, which options the report and session scopes define, etc. -@node Journal File Format, , Internal Design, Ledger for Developers +@node Journal File Format, Developer Commands, Internal Design, Ledger for Developers @section Journal File Format for Developers This chapter offers a complete description of the journal data format, @@ -7187,12 +7689,12 @@ useful to follow standard accounting practice (@pxref{Principles of Accounting}). Since an amount is missing from the second posting, it is assumed to -be the inverse of the first. This guarantee the cardinal rule of +be the inverse of the first. This guarantees the cardinal rule of double-entry accounting: the sum of every transaction must balance to zero, or it is in error. Whenever Ledger encounters a @dfn{null posting} in a transaction, it uses it to balance the remainder. -It is also typical---though not enforced---to think of the first +It is also typical, though not enforced, to think of the first posting as the destination, and the final as the source. Thus, the amount of the first posting is typically positive. Consider: @@ -7216,7 +7718,7 @@ amount of the first posting is typically positive. Consider: @node Comments and meta-data, Specifying Amounts, Journal File Format, Journal File Format @subsection Comments and meta-data -Comments are generally started using a ';'. However, in order to +Comments are generally started using a @code{;}. However, in order to increase compatibility with other text manipulation programs and methods three additional comment characters are valid if used at the beginning of a line: @code{#}, @code{|}, and @code{*}. @@ -7259,13 +7761,13 @@ now, a word must be said about how Ledger stores numbers. Every number parsed by Ledger is stored internally as an infinite-precision rational value. Floating-point math is never used, as it cannot be trusted to maintain precision of values. So, in the -case of @samp{1000.00} above, the internal value is @samp{100000/100}. +case of @code{1000.00} above, the internal value is @code{100000/100}. While rational numbers are great at not losing precision, the question -arises: How should they be displayed? A number like @samp{100000/100} +arises: How should they be displayed? A number like @code{100000/100} is no problem, since it represents a clean decimal fraction. But what -about when the number @samp{1/1} is divided by three? How should one -print @samp{1/3}, an infinitely repeating decimal? +about when the number @code{1/1} is divided by three? How should one +print @code{1/3}, an infinitely repeating decimal? Ledger gets around this problem by rendering rationals into decimal at the last possible moment, and only for display. As such, some @@ -7276,11 +7778,11 @@ rarely, but even then it does not reflect adjustment of the @emph{internal amount}, only the displayed amount. What has still not been answered is how Ledger rounds values. Should -@samp{1/3} be printed as @samp{0.33} or @samp{0.33333}? For +@code{1/3} be printed as @code{0.33} or @code{0.33333}? For commoditized amounts, the number of decimal places is decided by observing how each commodity is used; but in the case of integer amounts, an arbitrary factor must be chosen. Initially, this factor -is six. Thus, @samp{1/3} is printed back as @samp{0.333333}. +is six. Thus, @code{1/3} is printed back as @code{0.333333}. Further, this rounding factor becomes associated with each particular value, and is carried through mathematical operations. For example, if that particular number were multiplied by itself, the decimal @@ -7303,10 +7805,10 @@ characters are allowed in a commodity name, except for the following: @itemize @bullet @item Any kind of white-space @item Numerical digits -@item Punctuation: @samp{.,;:?!} -@item Mathematical and logical operators: @samp{-+*/^&|=} -@item Bracketing characters: @samp{<>[]()}@{@} -@item The at symbol: @samp{@@} +@item Punctuation: @code{.,;:?!} +@item Mathematical and logical operators: @code{-+*/^&|=} +@item Bracketing characters: @code{<>[]()}@{@} +@item The at symbol: @code{@@} @end itemize And yet, any of these may appear in a commodity name if it is @@ -7322,9 +7824,9 @@ part is the commodity. Another feature of commoditized amounts is that they are reported back in the same form as parsed. If you specify dollar amounts using -@samp{$100}, they will print the same; likewise with @samp{100 $} or -@samp{$100.000}. You may even use decimal commas, such as -@samp{$100,00}, or thousand-marks, as in @samp{$10,000.00}. +@code{$100}, they will print the same; likewise with @code{100 $} or +@code{$100.000}. You may even use decimal commas, such as +@code{$100,00}, or thousand-marks, as in @code{$10,000.00}. These display characteristics become associated with the commodity, with the result being that all amounts of the same commodity are reported @@ -7388,7 +7890,7 @@ postings are involved: Assets:Checking @end smallexample -Here the implied cost is @samp{$57.00}, which is entered into the null +Here the implied cost is @code{$57.00}, which is entered into the null posting automatically so that the transaction balances. @node Primary commodities, , Posting costs, Journal File Format @@ -7416,7 +7918,7 @@ on the placement of the commodity in the transaction: @end smallexample The only case where knowledge of primary versus secondary comes into -play is in reports that use the @option{-V} or @option{-B} options. +play is in reports that use the @code{-V} or @code{-B} options. With these, only primary commodities are shown. If a transaction uses only one commodity, this commodity is also @@ -7424,170 +7926,262 @@ considered a primary. In fact, when Ledger goes about ensures that all transactions balance to zero, it only ever asks this of primary commodities. -@node Extending with Python, Major Changes from version 2.6, Ledger for Developers, Top -@chapter Extending with Python -Python can be used to extend your Ledger -experience. But first, a word must be said about Ledger's data model, so that -other things make sense later. - +@node Developer Commands, Ledger Development Environment, Journal File Format, Ledger for Developers +@section Developer Commands @menu -* Basic data traversal:: -* Raw vs. Cooked:: -* Queries:: -* Embedded Python:: -* Amounts:: +* echo:: +* reload:: +* source:: +* Debug Options:: +* Pre-commands:: @end menu -@node Basic data traversal, Raw vs. Cooked, Extending with Python, Extending with Python -@section Basic data traversal +@node echo, reload, Developer Commands, Developer Commands +@subsection @command{echo} +This command simply echos its argument back to the output. -Every interaction with Ledger happens in the context of a Session. Even if -you don't create a session manually, one is created for you by the top-level -interface functions. The Session is where objects live like the Commodity's -that Amount's refer to. -The make a Session useful, you must read a Journal into it, using the function -`@samp{read_journal}`. This reads Ledger data from the given file, populates a -Journal object within the current Session, and returns a reference to that -Journal object. +@node reload, source, echo, Developer Commands +@subsection @command{reload} +Forces ledger to reload any journal files. This function exists to +support external programs controlling a running ledger process and does +nothing for a command line user. -Within the Journal live all the Transaction's, Posting's, and other objects -related to your data. There are also AutomatedTransaction's and -PeriodicTransaction's, etc. +@node source, Debug Options, reload, Developer Commands +@subsection @command{source} +The @code{source} command take a journal file as an argument and parses +it checking for errors, no other reports are generated, and no other +arguments are necessary. Ledger will return success if no errors are +found. -Here is how you would traverse all the postings in your data file: -@smallexample +@node Debug Options, Pre-commands, source, Developer Commands +@subsection Debug Options - import ledger +These options are primarily for Ledger developers, but may be of some +use to a user trying something new. - for xact in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").xacts: - for post in xact.posts: - print "Transferring %s to/from %s" % (post.amount, post.account) -@end smallexample +@table @code + @item --args-only +ignore init +files and environment variables for the ledger run. -@node Raw vs. Cooked, Queries, Basic data traversal, Extending with Python -@section Raw vs. Cooked +@item --verify +enable additional assertions during run-time. This causes a significant +slowdown. When combined with @code{--debug} ledger will produce +memory trace information. -Ledger data exists in one of two forms: raw and cooked. Raw objects are what -you get from a traversal like the above, and represent exactly what was seen -in the data file. Consider this journal: +@item --debug "argument" +If Ledger has been built with debug options this will provide extra data +during the run. The following are the available arguments to debug: -@smallexample - = true - (Assets:Cash) $100 +@multitable @columnfractions .32 .43 .27 +@item @code{account.display} @tab @code{expr.calc.when} @tab @code{org.next_amount} +@item @code{accounts.sorted} @tab @code{expr.compile} @tab @code{org.next_total} +@item @code{amount.convert} @tab @code{filters.changed_value} @tab @code{parser.error} +@item @code{amount.is_zero} @tab @code{filters.changed_value.rounding} @tab @code{pool.commodities} +@item @code{amount.parse} @tab @code{filters.collapse} @tab @code{post.assign} +@item @code{amount.price} @tab @code{filters.forecast} @tab @code{python.init} +@item @code{amount.truncate} @tab @code{filters.revalued} @tab @code{python.interp} +@item @code{amount.unround} @tab @code{format.abbrev} @tab @code{query.mask} +@item @code{amounts.commodities} @tab @code{format.expr} @tab @code{report.predicate} +@item @code{amounts.refs} @tab @code{generate.post} @tab @code{scope.symbols} +@item @code{archive.journal} @tab @code{generate.post.string} @tab @code{textual.include} +@item @code{auto.columns} @tab @code{item.meta} @tab @code{textual.parse} +@item @code{budget.generate} @tab @code{ledger.read} @tab @code{timelog} +@item @code{commodity.annotated.strip} @tab @code{ledger.validate} @tab @code{times.epoch} +@item @code{commodity.annotations} @tab @code{lookup} @tab @code{times.interval} +@item @code{commodity.compare} @tab @code{lookup.account} @tab @code{times.parse} +@item @code{commodity.download} @tab @code{mask.match} @tab @code{value.sort} +@item @code{commodity.prices.add} @tab @code{memory.counts} @tab @code{value.storage.refcount} +@item @code{commodity.prices.find} @tab @code{memory.counts.live} @tab @code{xact.extend} +@item @code{convert.csv} @tab @code{memory.debug} @tab @code{xact.extend.cleared} +@item @code{csv.mappings} @tab @code{op.cons} @tab @code{xact.extend.fail} +@item @code{csv.parse} @tab @code{op.memory} @tab @code{xact.finalize} +@item @code{draft.xact} @tab @code{option.args} +@item @code{expr.calc} @tab @code{option.names} +@end multitable - 2012-03-01 KFC - Expenses:Food $100 - Assets:Credit -@end smallexample +@item --trace INTEGER_TRACE_LEVEL +Enable tracing. The integer specifies the level of trace desired: +@multitable @columnfractions .3 .7 +@item @code{LOG_OFF} @tab 0 +@item @code{LOG_CRIT} @tab 1 +@item @code{LOG_FATAL} @tab 2 +@item @code{LOG_ASSERT} @tab 3 +@item @code{LOG_ERROR} @tab 4 +@item @code{LOG_VERIFY} @tab 5 +@item @code{LOG_WARN} @tab 6 +@item @code{LOG_INFO} @tab 7 +@item @code{LOG_EXCEPT} @tab 8 +@item @code{LOG_DEBUG} @tab 9 +@item @code{LOG_TRACE} @tab 10 +@item @code{LOG_ALL} @tab 11 +@end multitable +@item --verbose +Print detailed information on the execution of Ledger. -In this case, the @emph{raw} regular transaction in this file is: +@item --version +Print version information and exit. +@end table +@node Pre-commands, , Debug Options, Developer Commands +@subsection Pre-Commands +Pre-commands are useful when you aren't sure how a command or option +will work. +@table @code +@item args +evaluate the given arguments against the following model transaction: @smallexample - 2012-03-01 KFC - Expenses:Food $100 - Assets:Credit +2004/05/27 Book Store + ; This note applies to all postings. :SecondTag: + Expenses:Books 20 BOOK @@ $10 + ; Metadata: Some Value + ; Typed:: $100 + $200 + ; :ExampleTag: + ; Here follows a note describing the posting. + Liabilities:MasterCard $-200.00 @end smallexample - -While the @emph{cooked} form is: - +@item eval +evaluate the given value expression against the model transaction +@item expr "LIMIT EXPRESSION" +Print details of how ledger parses the given limit expression and apply +it against a model transaction. +@item format "FORMATTING" +Print details of how ledger uses the given formatting description and +apply it against a model transaction. +@item generate +Randomly generates syntactically valid Ledger data from a seed. Used by the +GenerateTests harness for development testing +@item parse <VALUE EXPR> +Print details of how ledger uses the given value expression description +and apply it against a model transaction. +@item period +evaluate the given period and report how Ledger interprets it: @smallexample - 2012-03-01 KFC - Expenses:Food $100 - Assets:Credit $-100 - (Assets:Cash) $100 -@end smallexample +20:22:21 ~/ledger (next)> ledger period "this year" +--- Period expression tokens --- +TOK_THIS: this +TOK_YEAR: year +END_REACHED: <EOF> -So the easy way to think about raw vs. cooked is that raw is the unprocessed -data, and cooked has had all considerations applied. +--- Before stabilization --- + range: in year 2011 -When you traverse a Journal by iterating its transactions, you are generally -looking at raw data. In order to look at cooked data, you must generate a -report of some kind by querying the journal: +--- After stabilization --- + range: in year 2011 + start: 11-Jan-01 + finish: 12-Jan-01 -@smallexample - for post in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").query("food"): - print "Transferring %s to/from %s" % (post.amount, post.account) +--- Sample dates in range (max. 20) --- + 1: 11-Jan-01 @end smallexample - -The reason why queries iterate over postings instead of transactions is that -queries often return only a ``slice'' of the transactions they apply to. You -can always get at a matching posting's transaction by looking at its "xact" -member: +@item query +evaluate the given query and report how Ledger interprets it against the +model transaction: @smallexample - last_xact = None - for post in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").query(""): - if post.xact != last_xact: - for post in post.xact.posts: - print "Transferring %s to/from %s" % (post.amount, - post.account) - last_xact = post.xact -@end smallexample +20:25:42 ~/ledger (next)> ledger query "/Book/" +--- Input arguments --- +("/Book/") -This query ends up reporting every cooked posting in the Journal, but does it -transaction-wise. It relies on the fact that an unsorted report returns -postings in the exact order they were parsed from the journal file. +--- Context is first posting of the following transaction --- +2004/05/27 Book Store + ; This note applies to all postings. :SecondTag: + Expenses:Books 20 BOOK @@ $10 + ; Metadata: Some Value + ; Typed:: $100 + $200 + ; :ExampleTag: + ; Here follows a note describing the posting. + Liabilities:MasterCard $-200.00 -@node Queries, Embedded Python, Raw vs. Cooked, Extending with Python -@section Queries +--- Input expression --- +(account =~ /Book/) -The Journal.query() method accepts every argument you can specify on the -command-line, including --options. +--- Text as parsed --- +(account =~ /Book/) -Since a query ``cooks'' the journal it applies to, only one query may be active -for that journal at a given time. Once the query object is gone (after the -for loop), then the data reverts back to its raw state. +--- Expression tree --- +0x7fd639c0da40 O_MATCH (1) +0x7fd639c10170 IDENT: account (1) +0x7fd639c10780 VALUE: /Book/ (1) -@node Embedded Python, Amounts, Queries, Extending with Python -@section Embedded Python +--- Compiled tree --- +0x7fd639c10520 O_MATCH (1) +0x7fd639c0d6c0 IDENT: account (1) +0x7fd639c0d680 FUNCTION (1) +0x7fd639c10780 VALUE: /Book/ (1) -Can you embed Python into your data files using the 'python' directive: +--- Calculated value --- +true +@end smallexample +@item template +Shows the insertion template that a @code{draft} or @code{xact} sub-command generates. +This is a debugging command. +@end table -@smallexample - python - import so - def check_path(path_value): - print "%s => %s" % (str(path_value), os.path.isfile(str(path_value))) - return os.path.isfile(str(path_value)) +@node Ledger Development Environment, , Developer Commands, Ledger for Developers +@section Ledger Development Environment - tag PATH - assert check_path(value) +@menu +* acrep build configuration tool:: +* Testing Framework:: +@end menu - 2012-02-29 KFC - ; PATH: somebogusfile.dat - Expenses:Food $20 - Assets:Cash -@end smallexample +@node acrep build configuration tool, Testing Framework, Ledger Development Environment, Ledger Development Environment +@subsection @code{acprep} build configuration tool -Any Python functions you define this way become immediately available as -valexpr functions. +@node Testing Framework, , acrep build configuration tool, Ledger Development Environment +@subsection Testing Framework +Ledger source ships with a farily complete set of tests to verify that +all is well, and no old errors have been resurfaced. Tests are run +individually with @code{ctest}. All tests can be run using @code{make +check} or @code{ninja check} depending on which build tool you prefer. -@node Amounts, , Embedded Python, Extending with Python -@section Amounts +Once built, the ledger executable resides under the @file{build} +subdirectory in the source tree. Tests are built and stored in the test +subdirectory for the build. For example, +@file{~/ledger/build/ledger/opt/test}. -When numbers come from Ledger, like post.amount, the type of the value is -Amount. It can be used just like an ordinary number, except that addition -and subtraction are restricted to amounts with the same commodity. If you -need to create sums of multiple commodities, use a Balance. For example: +@menu +* Running Tests:: +* Writing Tests:: +@end menu -@smallexample - total = Balance() - for post in ledger.read_journal("sample.dat").query(""): - total += post.amount - print total -@end smallexample +@node Running Tests, Writing Tests, Testing Framework, Testing Framework +@subsubsection Running Tests + +The complete test sweet can be run from the build directory using the +check option for the build tool you use. For example, @code{make +check}. The entire test suit tast around a minute for the optimized +built and many times longer for the debug version. While developing and +debugging, running individual tests can save a great deal of time. + +Individual tests can be run fron the @file{test} subdirectory of the +build location. To execute a single test use @code{ctest -V -R regex}, +where the regex mathes the name of the test you want to build. -@node Major Changes from version 2.6, Example Data File, Extending with Python, Top +There are nearly 300 tests stored under the @file{test} sudirectoro +tmain source distribution. They are broken into two broad categories, +baseline and regression. To run the @file{5FBF2ED8} test, for example, +issue @code{ctest -V -R "5FB"}. +@node Writing Tests, , Running Tests, Testing Framework +@subsubsection Writing Tests + +@node Major Changes from version 2.6, Example Data File, Ledger for Developers, Top @chapter Major Changes from version 2.6 +@itemize +@item OFX support has been removed from Ledger 3.0 +@item single character value expressions are deprecated and should be changed to the new value expressions available in 3.0 +@end itemize + @node Example Data File, Miscellaneous Notes, Major Changes from version 2.6, Top @appendix Example Journal File: drewr.dat The following journal file is included with the source distribution of ledger. It is called @file{drewr.dat} and exhibits many ledger - features, include automatic and virtual transactions, + features, include automatic and virtual transactions, @smallexample ; -*- ledger -*- @@ -7690,6 +8284,7 @@ ledger register Checking --sort d -d 'd>[2011/04/01]' until 2011/05/25 (Liabilities:Tithe Owed) -1.0 @end smallexample + @node Concept Index, Command Index, Miscellaneous Notes, Top @unnumbered Concept Index |