1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
|
@c -*-texinfo-*-
@chapter Introduction
@ledgerprog@ is an accounting tool with the moxie to exist. It provides no
bells or whistles, and returns the user to the days before user
interfaces were even a twinkling in their father's CRT.
What it does offer is a double-entry accounting journal with all the
flexibility and muscle of its modern day cousins, without any of the
fat. Think of it as the Bran Muffin of accounting tools.
To use it, you need to start keeping a journal. This is the basis of
all accounting, and if you haven't started yet, now is the time to
learn. The little booklet that comes with your checkbook is a journal,
so we'll describe double-entry accounting in terms of that.
A checkbook journal records debits (subtractions, or withdrawals) and
credits (additions, or deposits) with reference to a single account:
the checking account. Where the money comes from, and where it goes
to, are described in the payee field, where you write the person or
company's name. The ultimate aim of keeping a checkbook journal is to
know how much money is available to spend. That's really the aim of
all journals.
What computers add is the ability to walk through these postings,
and tell you things about your spending habits; to let you devise
budgets and get control over your spending; to squirrel away money
into virtual savings account without having to physically move money
around; etc. As you keep your journal, you are recording information
about your life and habits, and sometimes that information can start
telling you things you aren't aware of. Such is the aim of all good
accounting tools.
The next step up from a checkbook journal, is a journal that keeps track
of all your accounts, not just checking. In such a journal, you record
not only who gets paid---in the case of a debit---but where the money
came from. In a checkbook journal, its assumed that all the money
comes from your checking account. But in a general journal, you write
posting two-lines: the source account and target account.
@emph{There must always be a debit from at least one account for every
credit made to another account}. This is what is meant by
``double-entry'' accounting: the journal must always balance to zero,
with an equal number of debits and credits.
For example, let's say you have a checking account and a brokerage
account, and you can write checks from both of them. Rather than keep
two checkbooks, you decide to use one journal for both. In this general
journal you need to record a payment to Pacific Bell for your monthly
phone bill, and a transfer (via check) from your brokerage account to
your checking account. The Pacific Bell bill is $23.00, let's say, and
you want to pay it from your checking account. In the general journal
you need to say where the money came from, in addition to where it's
going to. These transactions might look like this:
@smallexample
9/29 Pacific Bell $23.00 $23.00
Checking $-23.00 0
9/30 Checking $100.00 $100.00
(123) Brokerage $-100.00 0
@end smallexample
The posting must balance to $0: $23 went to Pacific Bell, $23 came from
Checking. The next entry shows check number 123 written against your
brokerage account, transfering money to your checking account. There is
nothing left over to be accounted for, since the money has simply moved
from one account to another in both cases. This is the basis of
double-entry accounting: money never pops in or out of existence; it is
always a posting from one account to another.
Keeping a general journal is the same as keeping two separate journals:
One for Pacific Bell and one for Checking. In that case, each time a
payment is written into one, you write a corresponding withdrawal into
the other. This makes it easier to write in a ``running balance'',
since you don't have to look back at the last time the account was
referenced---but it also means having a lot of journal books, if you
deal with multiple accounts.
Here is a good place for an aside on the use of the word `account'.
Most private people consider an account to be something that holds money
at an institution for them. @ledgerprog@ uses a more general definition
of the word. An account is anywhere money can go. Other finance
programs use ``categories'', @ledgerprog@ uses accounts. So, for
example, if you buy some groceries at Trader Joe's then more groceries
at Whole Foods Markets you might assign the transactions like this
@smallexample
2011/03/15 Trader Joe's
Expenses:Groceries $100.00
Assets:Checking
2011/03/15 Whole Food Market
Expenses:Groceries $75.00
Assets:Checking
@end smallexample
In both cases the money goes to the ``Groceries'' account, even though
the payees were different. You can set up your accounts in any way you
choose.
Enter the beauty of computerized accounting. The purpose of the
@ledgerprog@ program is to make general journal accounting simple, by keeping
track of the balances for you. Your only job is to enter the
postings. If a posting does not balance, @ledgerprog@ displays an
error and indicates the incorrect posting.@footnote{In some
special cases, it automatically balances this transaction for you.}
In summary, there are two aspects of @ledgerprog@ use: updating the journal
data file, and using the @ledgerprog@ tool to view the summarized result of
your transactions.
And just for the sake of example---as a starting point for those who
want to dive in head-first---here are the journal transactions from above,
formatted as the @ledgerprog program wishes to see them:
@smallexample
2004/09/29 Pacific Bell
Expenses:Pacific Bell $23.00
Assets:Checking
@end smallexample
The account balances and registers in this file, if saved as
@file{ledger.dat}, could be reported using:
@example
$ ledger -f ledger.dat balance
$ ledger -f ledger.dat register checking
$ ledger -f ledger.dat register bell
@end example
An important difference between @ledgerprog@ and other finance packages is
that journal will never alter your input file. You can create and edit
that file in any way you prefer, but journal is only for analyzing the
data, not for altering it.
@section More introduction
@section Building the program
@ledgerprog@ is written in ANSI C++, and should compile on any platform. It
depends on the GNU multiprecision integer library (libgmp), and the
Perl regular expression library (libpcre). It was developed using GNU
make and gcc 3.3, on a PowerBook running OS/X.
To build and install once you have these libraries on your system,
enter these commands:
@example
./configure && make install
@end example
@section Getting help
If you need help on how to use @ledgerprog, or run into problems, you can
join the @ledgerprog@ mailing list at the following Web address:
@example
http://groups.google.com/group/ledger-cli
@end example
You can also find help at the @samp{#ledger} channel on the IRC server
@samp{irc.freenode.net}.
@node Quick Reference, Ledger Tutorial, Introduction, Top
|
