Fix file-attributes race on GNU hosts

* doc/lispref/files.texi (File Attributes):
Document file-attributes atomicity.
* etc/NEWS: Document the fix.
* src/dired.c (file_attributes): New args DIRNAME and FILENAME,
for diagnostics.  All callers changed.  On platforms like
GNU/Linux that support O_PATH, fix a race condition in
file-attributes and similar functions, so that these functions do
not return nonsense if a directory entry is replaced while getting
its attributes.  On non-GNU platforms, do a better (though not
perfect) job of detecting the race, and return nil if detected.

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